首页化学应用化学绿色化学 01 第一章绿色化学概述 introduction.pptx

01 第一章绿色化学概述 introduction.pptx

页数：86页文件大小：7.17 MB来源：绿色化学ppt课件

本课件为课程绪论，先说明化学作为中心的、实用的、创造性学科的定位，再依次展开全球变暖、核冬天、臭氧层耗损、光化学烟雾与酸雨等环境问题，进而讨论能源与资源短缺，最后落到健康关注与可持续发展的观念转变。

查看本课件的文字版（共 86 页，供检索与复制）

第1页：绿色化学课程封面

绿色化学 Green Chemistry Welcome to Green Chemistry

第2页：教材与参考书目

Main reference book Text book and references

第3页：参考书目（一）

1. 胡常伟，李贤均,《绿色化学原理及应用》中国石化出版社，2002.
2. Anastas P. T., Williamson T. C. Green Chemistry, Theory and Practice, London: Oxford University Press,19983. Anastas P. T., Heine L. G., Williamson T. C., Green Chemical Syn he s is and Processes, ACS Symposium Series 767, 20004. Tundo P., Anastas P. Green Chemistry Challenging Perspectives, Oxford, 19995. Clark J., Macquarrie D. Handbook of Green Chemistry and Technology, Blackwell Science, 2002

第4页：参考书目（二）

6. Anastas P. T., Williamson T. C. Green Chemistry, Frontiers in Benign Chemical Synthesis and Processes London: Oxford University Press,19987. Anastas P. T., Williamson T. C. Green Chemistry—Designing Chemistry for the Environment Washington: American Chemical Society,19968.仲崇立,《绿色化学导论》北京:化学工业出版社，2000.
9. 闵恩泽，吴巍,《绿色化学与化工》北京:化学工业出版社，2000.
10. 朱宪,《绿色化学工艺》北京:化学工业出版社，2001 Text book and references

第5页：化学是中心的实用科学

Chapter one Introduction Chemistry is a central, useful and creative science

Chemistry touches many other scientific field.
The study on chemical reaction,structure and methodology gives still directions for other discipline .

第6页：化学是中心科学

Chemistry is a central science

Material science: Metals, Inorganic materials, bio-medical materials
Life science: Molecular level life science Molecular biology = ?
Energy science: Petrochemical industry, Natural gas chemistry, Coal chemistry, Nuclear Chemistry
Aviation and space science Fuel for space travel, Protection

第7页：开发与利用自然资源

Chapter one Introduction Exploit and effectively utilize natural resources

Explore the natural world, and find useful chemical substances not known before.
Examine the chemicals found in plants and animals on land, in the sea
Determine their structure and explore their function

第8页：设计与创造新材料

Chapter one Introduction Design and create new materials

New drugs(instead of just harvesting the living sources of useful drugs)
New materials(especially new polymers for special usage instead of exploring in nature)

第9页：化学与人的生活

Chapter one Introduction The clothing, feeding and nutrition, residence,transportation and daily necessities of human beings depend greatly on Chemistry. Chemistry is related to our whole life!

第10页：化学面临的挑战

Chapter one Introduction

Chemistry: Facing Challenge！
Human beings: Facing Challenge！
The Society: Facing Challenge!

第11页：第一章绪论目录

Chapter one Introduction

1.1 Typical environmental problems
1.2 Shortage of resources
1.3 Health concerns
1.4 Towards Sustainable Development
References

第12页：环境为何被污染

1.1 Typical Environmental problems

Our environment is seriously polluted, Why???

第13页：环境问题的成因

1.1 Typical Environmental problems

The cause of environmental problems Our environment is significantly polluted when human beings successively exploit the nature to satisfy our natural and mental needs. Ourselves, our living, our existence

第14页：典型环境问题清单

Typical environmental problemsGlobal warmingNuclear Winter (Winter due to Nuclear Effect)Depletion of Ozone LayerPhotochemical smog and air pollutionAcid rainRapid reduction of living things man

第15页：全球变暖与温室气体

Global Warming

The increase of Green House gas concentration is the main cause.
Main Green House Gases CO 2, NOx, CH 4, Halogen ides
They ad sorb heat from the sun,and keep them, resulting in the increase of earth temperature.

第16页：全球变暖的人类来源

Global Warming Human Activities are the origin of these effects Cooking, Lighting, Warming, Transportation, Industry

第17页：全球变暖的后果（上）

Global Warming Consequences

In the mid-21, the average temperature on the surface of the earth will have an increment of about 1.4～1.5℃，
the ice on the South Pole and North Pole will melt with accelerated speed,
the sea level will have a rise of about 0.25～0.65 m.

第18页：全球变暖的后果（下）

Global Warming Consequences

Inour country:
the rise of sea level,0.14-0.20 cm/year
comparing to the average world level 0.15-0.16 cm/year
These variations will alter significantly the environment widely and eternally

第19页：北极冰融的报道

Global Warming

It is reported(31 August, 2003 )by CCTV news that Chinese scientists exploring on the Arctic Pole discovered that the melting speed of ice therein is faster than before, and the rise in temperature is about 2-3 K per year.

第20页：核冬天假说

Nuclear Winter In 1982, it is proposed that the earth will be cooled by the dust and smog caused by limited nuclear war . This assumption is called “Nuclear Winter”。

Gas sol composed of dust and smog inthe atmosphere works like a lens.
Dust and smog may alter the earth more significantly.

第21页：核冬天的佐证

Nuclear Winter Clue Example

In 1815, the bursting of volcano in Europe erupted 100 m 3 dust tothe air , and the later floated in air for about 2 years, this had already made Europe had cool summer.
核冬天的真实景象（网上资料）

第22页：核爆尘烟的影响

Nuclear Winter

Nuclear explosion will produce much dust and smog, the later will exist in air and cool the earth.
Even limited nuclear war will produce significant smog and dust
It is still unclear about the lifetime of gas so land their influence onthe equilibrium of radiation in air.

第23页：臭氧层的定义与作用

Depletion of ozone layer

Ozone Layer refers to the ensemble of ozone collected inthe atmosphere 15-50 km above the surface. Its concentration is less than 10 ppm.
Ozone is naturally protective for our earth from the sun and makes our life possible
It ad sorbs violet rays (295-320 nm) from the sun.

第24页：臭氧层耗损机理

第25页：破坏臭氧层的元凶

Depletion of ozone layer

Halogen ides used destroy the ozone layer.
NOx compounds from the exhausted gas of automobiles and other sources catalyze the decomposition reaction of ozone. The culprits (元凶)

第26页：消耗臭氧层物质用量

Depletion of ozone layer

The use of ozone consuming agents (ODS)
The developed countries used
1986, 975.8 thousand ts
1992, 424.1 thousand ts
decreasing amounts are used
Our country
1986, 47.5 thousand ts
1992, 102.7 thousand ts
1993, 117.1 thousand ts
Several measures have been taken, and a decreasing amounts are expected

第27页：臭氧层破坏的后果

Depletion of ozone layer Consequences Influences on human beings:

Reduction of immunity
Increment of cancer patient(Comparative examples) USA：5000 person/year died（among 500 thousand patient）Australia：5000 person/year（among a total population of 17 million）
Increase of cataract patient Influences on plant:
Decrease in production and quality

第28页：臭氧层耗损的发现

Depletion of ozone layer Discovered since 1987

第29页：光化学烟雾与酸雨前奏

Photochemical smog and air pollution Large amount of garbage exposed directly to air, the later is polluted and endanger human beings

Photochemical smog formed from a series of chemical reaction catalyzed by violet radiations.……more Chemical essence idea

第30页：光化学烟雾反应链

Nitrogen oxides are the main prime culprit

NO 2→NO＋O
O+CXHY→CXHYO
CXHYO.+O 2→CXHYO 3.
CXHYO 3.+Cm Hn→RCHO+R’CO+O 2→O 3
ROO+NO 2→ROONO 2

第31页：大气污染物清单

Air Pollution

Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Sulfur oxides
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides
Dust of soil, pollen, coal ash, etc pollute directly the air.
The harmful contents of the dusts:
Pb, Hg, Cd, Ni and other heavy metals

第32页：酸雨的形成

Acid rain Acidic gases in air dissolute in rain and drop to the earth forming acid rain

Acidic gases: SOX, NOX, etc
Acid rain is harmful to living things and the environment. Chongqing often encounters acid rain！

第33页：酸雨的危害

Acid rain

第34页：酸雨的地区实例

Acid rain

第35页：水污染来源

Water Pollution

Water is essential for us
Water is polluted by Industrial waste water Daily life waste water Mine waste water Transportation wastewater Farmland waste water

第36页：生物多样性的锐减

Rapid reduction of living things manifold ness

Living things manifold ness refers to the ensemble of all living creatures including plant,animals, micro-organism and other things
One kind of plant disappears every 27 year,
and nearly 90 kinds of vertebrates (脊椎动物)become extinct.

第37页：物种消失的加速

Rapid reduction of living things manifold ness

The speed of these reduction accelerates quite a few kinds of living things disappear before they are named.
Large amounts of genes lose
No effective measure taken, human beings risk the challenge of being living in the used manner.

第38页：我国生物多样性状况

Rapid reduction of living things manifold ness

In our country, the living things manifold ness ranks 8 in the world,and 1 in the north earth.
Extinct plants:4000-5000 kinds 15-20%among all
156/640(1/4)in the international trade contract of extinct animals and plants

第39页：森林的生态价值

Disruption of forest

Forest
The lung of living things onthe earth Have important ecological and economic values

第40页：森林的固碳与释氧

Disruption of forest

1 hectare of forest ad sorbs 1 t of CO 2, and releases 0.73 ts of O 2, the later is sufficient for the breath of 1000 persons.
10 m 2 forest⇨one person Sweden: Forest coverage 64%3 hectares/person Average life span: males 76.3 females 81.4

第41页：森林的多重功能

Disruption of forest It is obvious that forest could:

conserve water resource,
keep water and soil,
prevent and fix the sand blown by the wind,
regulate the climate,
fix carbon and provide oxygen,
prevent pollution, purify the air,
Improve the environment,
protect species,
provide wood, etc..
It is multi functional and beneficial for the future descendents economically,ecologically, environmentally.

第42页：森林的破坏速度

Disruption of forest

The speed of disrupt:
Forest: 7000 thousand hectare/year
Tropical rain forest: 50 hectare/minute
In our country:
Coverage of forest is about 14%, which is the 1/3 of the average value of the world coverage/person
The flood of Yang zi river, huai he river, Song hua jiang river,lun jiang river occurred in recent years dues partially to the extra-cut-down of the forest.

第43页：大兴安岭林区告急

Disruption of forest

It is reported that after 16 years, one of the largest state-owned forest zone of our country----Daxin’an ling----will have no forest tree to cut. (From We nz hai zhou bao, 37,2003, 09,15)
If continuing to cut down instead of strict measures taken,
we will have the risk of no oxygen to breath, not saying the ecological and economical loses

第44页：荒漠化的成因

Desolation and boundless ness(荒漠化) It refers to the degeneration of plough duo to human economic activities , variation in climate etc.In Han Dynasty, the regulation of Tun tian (Peasants open up was

第45页：荒漠化土地的特征

Desolation and boundless ness

The red land could not keep water,
no plant could grow well.

第46页：荒漠化的分布

Desolation and boundless ness

This is often seen in Fujian, Jiangxi, and Guangdong province

第47页：荒漠化的后果

Desolation and boundless ness

As a result：decrease in eligible plough on earth.
It is one of the most emergent environmental challenge which should be overcome.

第48页：第一章绪论目录

Chapter one Introduction

1.1 Typical environmental problems
1.2 Shortage of resources
1.3 Health concerns
1.4 Towards Sustainable Development
References