第1页：Chapter 7 Management ofTrees
Chapter 7 Management ofTrees (Pruning and Training)
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第4页：顶芽节间叶痕潜伏芽侧芽
顶芽节间叶痕潜伏芽侧芽
第5页：Part 2. Some reasons
Part 2. Some reasons for pruningA.Prune to direct or control growth (plant size)B.Prune to remove excessive leaves C.Prune to encourage flower and fruit productionD.Prune to encourage vegetative growthE.Prune to promote plant healthF.Prune to achieve a special effect or an artificial formG.Prune for rejuvenation(复壮)
第6页：Part 3. Pruning tools and eq
- Part 3. Pruning tools and equipment
- Saws
- Shears (pruners, clippers)and Loppers (long-handed pruners)
第7页：Part 4. Basic pruning techni
Part 4. Basic pruning techniques4.1 Two very important terms4.2 Pruning methods4.3 How to make pruning cuts?
第8页：Two very important terms
- 4.1 Two very important terms
- Pruning:implies the cutting away of shoots and branches.
- Training:is a more all-embracing(包含) term and incorporates the steps needed to train a tree (bush or vine) to the shape desired.It include pruning, but might also involve tying branches to posts (柱子), trellises(篱架, 立架) or pergolas(=horizontal trellis棚架, 藤架, 绿廊).
第9页：Pruning methods
- 4.2 Pruning methods
- Heading back (短截)
- Thinning out(疏删)
- Thinning fruits/flowers
- Cutting back(缩剪、回缩)
- Long shoot or no pruning（1-year-old, 长放）
- Notching, ringing and back inversion (刻伤、环剥、倒贴皮)
- Beheading a tree (落头)
- Removal bud and shoots (抹芽、除萌)
- Pinching and pruning shoot (摘心、剪梢)
- Twist shoot (扭梢)
- Circle shoot (圈枝) Draw shoot（拉枝）
- Shearing (剪切)
第10页：Heading back (短截):Re
- Heading back (短截):Remove some part of one year-old shootResponse to heading back
- Lightly (<1/3)
- Moderately (1/3 to 1/2)
- Heavily (1/2 to 2/3)
第11页：Thinning out (疏剪):Re
Thinning out (疏剪):Remove the shoots from the baseResponse to thinning out
第12页：Cutting back(缩剪
Cutting back(缩剪、回缩):Remove perennial (多年生) shootsResponse to cutting back
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第14页：Pinching (摘心)and pru
- Pinching (摘心)and pruning shoot (剪梢)
- Use thumb and forefinger or clippers to remove stem tips or part of new shoot.
- Pinching and pruning shoot stop the stem from growing longer and stimulates side shoots grow out
第15页：Removal bud(抹芽)and r
Removal bud(抹芽)and removal shoot (除萌)
第16页：Shearing (剪切)
- Shearing (剪切)
- Simply clip the outer foliage (树叶)of the trees (with manual or power trimmers) to create an even surface and get the tree to grow into a certain shape
- Only for hedge or a topiary plant
第17页：Beheading a tree
Beheading a tree
第18页：Ringing (环剥) :Comple
Ringing (环剥) :Complete/partially/ ringing or cut a strip in a spiralDisrupt transport in the phloem and thereafter control vigor, result in promotion of flower buds.
第19页：Remove a complete ring of ba
- Remove a complete ring of bark up to 2 cm wide, but replace it immediately in an inverted position.
- Disrupt transport in the phloemBack inversion(倒贴皮)Ring/back inversion1/10perimeter
第20页：Notching (刻伤)
- Notching (刻伤)
- A technique used to induce shy-bearing trees to flower
- An effective management tool to alter the carbohydrate balance in the plant
- Normally in the spring (before germination)Cut and saw fully around themajor branchesof a tree to a depth just below cambium (形成层) layer
第21页：Pruning methods of c
Pruning methods of changing the angle of shoots, e.g. draw shoot（拉枝）
第22页：Twist shoot 扭梢
Twist shoot 扭梢
第23页：Circle shoot (圈枝)
Circle shoot (圈枝)
第24页：How to make pruning cuts?Alw
- 4.3 How to make pruning cuts?Always cut to a bud/ a small branch whenever you are pruning
- 4.3.1 Pruning to a bud
- 4.3.2 Removal of a branch
- 4.3.3 Treatment of cut surfaces
- 4.3.4 The importance of branch angles
第25页：Pruning to a buda.A correctl
4.3.1 Pruning to a buda.A correctly cut:make an upwardly sloping cut (45º), starting on the opposite side of the shoot to the bud. The top of cut is about ¼inch above the budb.Too close to bud[which would almost certainly be damaged]and cut too slanted[causing a larger wound]c.Too slanted:It looks ugly, the dead stub will rot, and the rot can spread easily to the rest of the tree d.Too far from the buda b c d
第26页：Now, to which bud should you
- Now, to which bud should you cut?Trees have buds at various places on their limbs
- Look for an out side budand cut just above it
- Limb or twig growing from an out side bud tends to grow out ward and upward, whereas one form an inside bud tends to grow inward
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第28页：Removal of a branch
- 4.3.2 Removal of a branch
- For small branches: use shears
- For large branches: use sawsOne danger is that the branch’s weight will cause it to fall away just before you complete the cut, breaking and splitting back into the next branch or into the trunk of the tree. To prevent this:A.Middle large branches: Support the branch with one hand while you saw with the otherB.Too large and heavy branches:Use three pruning cuts: cut in tow or more steps
第29页：For small branches: use shea
- For small branches: use shears
- Howtopositionpruningshears:forthecleanestcut,besurethebladesideofshearsisclosesttotheportionofthestemthatwillremainontheplant.The blade sideHookWrongCorrect
第30页：Three pruning cuts
- Three pruning cuts:
- First, make a cut from underneath about 6 inchesout from the trunk
- Then cut off the branch one inchbeyond the udercut
- Finally, cut off the branch stub at the proper angle
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第32页：Treatment of cut surfaces
- 4.3.3 Treatment of cut surfaces
- After pruning, large cuts should be covered by a compound, such as white paint (Calcium oxide 8+animal oil 1+ salt 1+water 40), which seals the surface and contains a fungicide to help prevent infection
- (sometimes covered with plastic membrane or wax)
第33页：The importance of branch ang
- 4.3.4 The importance of branch anglesThe angle between the main trunk and the lateral branch (30-75º), the crotch angle, has a profound effect upon the subsequent growth and cropping of the branch.
- Wider angle branches, with crotch angles of 60-90ºare better able to bear the weight of a heavy crop.
- A narrow angle results in vigorous, non-precocious (延迟成熟) shoot.
- A branch with narrow angle frequently breaks away from the tree
- Shoots drooping below the horizontal tend to become very weak and produce fruit of poor quality.
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第35页：A branch with narrow angle f
A branch with narrow angle frequently breaks away from the tree
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第37页：Part 5. Basic tree forms
- Part 5. Basic tree forms
- 5.1 Central axis or leader (有中心干树形)
- 5.2 No central leader or multi-leader
- (无/多中心干树形)
- 5.3 Open-center (开心形)
- 5.4 Trellises and pergola
- (篱壁形和棚架形)
- 5.5 Tree forms of ornamental trees (观赏树木的树形)
第38页：Central axis or leaderThe ce
5.1 Central axis or leaderThe central-leader intensive systemThe central-leader semi-intensive system(Central) axe/vertical axis (spindle)
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第41页：Open-centerOpen-center syste
5.3 Open-centerOpen-center system
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第43页：Trellises and pergolaA.Linco
5.4 Trellises and pergolaA.Lincoln canopyB.V-and Y-shaped canopiesC.The Tatura trellisD.T-barE.The vertical shoot-positioned (VSP)F.Double canopies (Lyre, Geneva Double Curtain, Ruakura Twin Two-tier)G.Pergola
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第45页：Trellises
Trellises
第46页：T-barOverhead pergola
T-barOverhead pergola
第47页：The Tatura trellis
The Tatura trellis
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第49页：pergola(棚架形)
pergola(棚架形)
第50页：Pergola
Pergola (Kiwi fruit)
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第52页：Tree forms of orname
5.5 Tree forms of ornamental trees(观赏树木的树形)Tree forms of ornamental trees(left) and their trunk(right)
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第55页：Part 6. Pruning and training
- Part 6. Pruning and training of fruit tree
- 6.1 The time of year at which pruning should be done?
- 6.2 How heavily the trees should be pruned?
- 6.3 Getting rid of suckers and water sprouts
第56页：The time of year at which pr
- 6.1 The time of year at which pruning should be done?Pruning at different times of the year often results in different amounts of growth and fruit production.
- Winter pruning (dormant pruning):pruning is done from leaf fall in the autumn until the buds start to grow in the spring.
- Summer pruning (green pruning): removing or partially removing current-season shootsMore particularly to deciduous（每年落叶的）treesand less to vines(morning glory, bean, grape) and evergreen fruit trees （常绿果树）.
第57页：How heavily the trees should
- 6.2 How heavily the trees should be pruned?
- It is desirable, with all fruit trees, to do a certain amountof pruning.
- Too much pruning in order to secure a desired form may be detrimental to the early growth and fruiting of the tree.
- The amount of pruning required will naturally vary with the kinds of fruits, their fruiting habits and other factors such as fertilization, and soil management.
第58页：Prune young non-bearing tree
- Prune young non-bearing trees lightly
- If pruned heavily, they will have smaller trunks and smaller main branches, make less total top and root growth, have fewer fruit spurs, come into bearing later, and bear smaller crops, at least for the first few years, than trees pruned lightly
第59页：Prune young bearing trees li
- Prune young bearing trees lightly
- More wood growth and fruit are produced if young bearing trees are given light rather than heavy pruning.
第60页：Prune old bearing trees more
- Prune old bearing trees more heavily
- The pruning should consist primarily of making numerous small cuts equally distributed over the entire tree, so that all parts will be invigorated.
- If no larger amounts of fertilizers, heavy pruningcan retain vigor.
- Generally causes an increase amount of extension growth and higher yield.
第61页：The vase tree (杯状形)O
The vase tree (杯状形)On planting, cut the shoots to 20-30cm at outward-pointing budsThe shoots growing outwards are retained and the more vigorous inward-growing ones are removed. The number of main leaders will normally be increased by two leaders not one.Final shape of tree30-35cm
第62页：Getting rid of suckers and w
- 6.3 Getting rid of suckers and water sprouts
- To remove watersprout, cut them offflush wherever they arise.
- But, don’t cut off suckers from understock; if you did, you’d leave a cluster of dormant buds at the sucker’s base that would later grow into multiple suckers. Instead, pull off each sucker, including the stem’s base with its dormant buds. If the sucker emerges from below the soil, dig soil awayfrom it until you expose its base. Then grasp the sucker firmly and pull it off.
第63页：Part 7. Pruning and
- Part 7. Pruning and training of herbaceous (草本植物) plants
- 7.1 Basic pruning methods
- 7.2 Trellises and pergolas of vegetables
第64页：Basic pruning methods
- 7.1 Basic pruning methods
- Pinching
- Removal lateral bud/shoot 打杈
- Defoliating 摘叶: old leaves
- Bond leaves 束叶: Cabbage
- Trellis: cucumber
- Tying绑缚
- Leading the vine引蔓
- Pressing the vine 压蔓
- Thinning flowers and fruits(疏花疏果)
第65页：Pumkin,waxgourd冬瓜：al
- Pumkin,waxgourd冬瓜：allsidestemsshouldberemoved,plantsaretoppedafterfruiting
- Luffa丝瓜、bittergourd苦瓜、cucumber、chiehqua节瓜：allsidestemsshouldberemoved(atleastweekly),plantsarenottopped
- Bottlegourd瓠瓜、watermelon：themainstemistoppedattheoverheadwire(4-5节)and2-4lateralstemsareallowedtosetfruits.
- Tomato,eggplantandhotpepper：plantsareusuallytrainedtothreeortwostems.Fortomato,themainstemistoppedattheoverheadwireandsideshootsareallowedtodeveloptoextendthecrop.
第66页：单蔓整枝双蔓整枝
单蔓整枝双蔓整枝，主蔓基部第3~5芽培养成侧蔓。三蔓整枝，适合于大果型瓜类。四蔓整枝Training of (sweet) watermelon
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第68页：Tying to the posts
Tying to the posts
第69页：Posts for hot pepper
Posts for hot pepper
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第72页：Tying the vine to the trelli
Tying the vine to the trellis/post
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第75页：Trellis (龙骨架): wax g
Trellis (龙骨架): wax gourd
第76页：Trellis(人字架): luffa
Trellis(人字架): luffa
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第79页：Part 8. Pruning for
- Part 8. Pruning for decorative(装饰的) effects (topiary造型)
- Topiary is plant sculpture雕塑.It ranges from the whimsical-plants clipped into animal and bird shapes -to the architectural -plants trained into geometric formssuch as pyramids, spheres, and boxes.
- The best plants for topiary have many small leaves(or scales or needles for evergreen conifers), as well as dormant buds along their stems.
第80页：Geometric shape
Geometric shape
第81页：Geometric shape
Geometric shape
第82页：植物雕塑复合几何造型螺旋体造型小叶常春藤
植物雕塑复合几何造型螺旋体造型小叶常春藤Geometric shape
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第85页：Geometric shape
Geometric shape
第86页：Geometric shape
Geometric shape
第87页：植物造型复合几何造型动物造型黄杨Anim
植物造型复合几何造型动物造型黄杨Animal: cock
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第91页：Climber
Climber
第92页：Part 9. Pruning and training
- Part 9. Pruning and training of hedges
- 9.1 Definition of hedges
- 9.2 Early training
- 9.3 Trimming a mature hedge
第93页：Definition of hedges
- 9.1 Definition of hedges
- A hedge is a living fence or barrier made up of many plants, usually just of one species.
- Developing a hedge takes considerable planning and care in the first several years. After that time, you can concentrate chiefly on routine maintenance.
第94页：Early training
- 9.2 Early training
- After planting (1-3 feet apart), cut back your hedge plants to a height of 6-12 inches.
- During the rest of the first growing season, do not prune plants, unless a strong stem grows up much higher than the rest.
第95页：Pruning guidelines: it’s bes
- Pruning guidelines: it’s best when trimming to taper the sides so that the bottom wider than the top (let light in).
- Second and later years: continue to pinch, prune, and cut back plants to develop a dense, mature hedge. Cut back any runaway growth to force branching.
- Each year cut back new growth by about half to encourage your hedge to branch densely.
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第97页：Trimming a mature hedge
- 9.3 Trimming a mature hedge
- When a hedge has reached the size you want, give it periodic trimmings to maintain its size
- You will need to cut back practically all new growth to near its point of origin, but do not remove new growth entirely. Do this pruning in spring. Prune during the flush of new growth to encourage more branching; prune after the flush of new growth has stopped if you want to prevent the hedge from growing bigger.
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第101页：References
- References
- 船越亮二著，唐文军译。花木、庭木的整枝、剪枝。湖南科学技术出版社。
- 青木司光著，高东昌译。观赏树林整形修剪图解。辽宁科学技术出版社。
- 青木司光著，高东昌译。观赏树林栽培图解。辽宁科学技术出版社。
- 韩礼星、黄贞光。猕猴桃优质丰产栽培技术彩色图说。中国农业出版社。
- 罗国光。葡萄整形修剪和设架。中国农业出版社。
- 臧德奎。攀缘植物造景技术。中国林业出版社。
- The editors of Sunset Books and Sunset Magazine. Pruning handbook. Lane Publishing Co., Menlo Park, California. 1990
- Duncan Coombs. The complete book of pruning. Ward Lock Limited, Villiers House, London. 1992
- Lewis Hill. Pruning simplified. Alpine Press, The United States. 1986
- Jackson D. Temperate and subtropical fruit production. CABI Publishing. 1990
