页数:64页文件大小:2.41 MB来源: 微生物学ppt课件
本课件讲解微生物的营养生理,先介绍碳源、氮源、无机盐、生长因子和水六大营养要素及其生理功能,再划分光能自养、化能异养等营养类型,最后说明简单扩散、主动运输、基团转位等运输方式与培养基的类型。
第二章
微生物利用的碳源物质:下表列出相关数据。
| 碳源种类 | 代表物质 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|
| 糖 | 葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖、淀粉、半乳糖、乳糖、甘露糖、纤维二糖、纤维素、半纤维素、甲壳素、木质素等 | 单糖优于双糖,己糖优于戊糖,淀粉优于纤维素,纯多糖优于杂多糖 |
| 有机酸 | 糖酸、乳酸、柠檬酸、延胡索酸、低级脂肪酸、高级脂肪酸、氨基酸等 | 与糖类比效果较差,较难进入细胞,进入后会导致pH下降;缺乏碳源时氨基酸可被利用 |
| 醇 | 乙醇 | 在低浓度条件下被某些酵母菌和醋酸菌利用 |
| 脂 | 脂肪、磷脂 | 主要利用脂肪,特定条件下将磷脂分解为甘油和脂肪酸而利用 |
| 烃 | 天然气、石油、石油馏分、石蜡油等 | 细胞表面有糖脂组成的特殊吸收系统,可将难溶的烃乳化后吸收 |
| CO2 | CO2 | 为自养微生物所利用 |
| 碳酸盐 | NaHCO3、CaCO3、白垩等 | 为自养微生物所利用 |
| 其他 | 芳香族化合物、氰化物、蛋白质、胨、核酸等 | 利用这些物质的微生物在环境保护方面有重要作用 |
微生物利用的氮源物质:下表列出相关数据。
| 氮源种类 | 代表物质 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|
| 蛋白质类 | 蛋白质及其不同程度降解产物(胨、肽、氨基酸等) | 大分子蛋白质难进入细胞,一些真菌和少数细菌能分泌胞外蛋白酶降解利用,多数细菌只能利用相对分子质量较小的降解产物 |
| 氨及铵盐 | NH3、(NH4)2SO4等 | 容易被微生物吸收利用 |
| 硝酸盐 | KNO3等 | 容易被微生物吸收利用 |
| 分子氮 | N2 | 固氮微生物可利用,但环境中有化合态氮源时固氮微生物失去固氮能力 |
| 其他 | 嘌呤、嘧啶、脲、胺、酰胺、氰化物 | 大肠杆菌不能以嘧啶作为唯一氮源,在氮限量的葡萄糖培养基上可诱导合成分解嘧啶的酶后再利用 |
无机盐及其生理功能:下表列出相关数据。
| 元素 | 化合物形式(常用) | 生理功能 |
|---|---|---|
| 磷 | KH2PO4、K2HPO4 | 核酸、核蛋白、磷脂、辅酶及ATP等高能分子的成分,作为缓冲系统调节培养基pH |
| 硫 | (NH4)2SO4、MgSO4 | 含硫氨基酸、维生素的成分,谷胱甘肽可调节胞内氧化还原电位 |
| 镁 | MgSO4 | 己糖磷酸化酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶、核酸聚合酶等活性中心组分,叶绿素和细菌叶绿素成分 |
| 钙 | CaCl2、Ca(NO3)2 | 某些酶的辅因子,维持蛋白酶稳定性,芽孢和某些孢子形成所需,建立细菌感受态所需 |
| 钠 | NaCl | 细胞运输系统组分,维持细胞渗透压与某些酶的稳定性 |
| 钾 | KH2PO4、K2HPO4 | 某些酶的辅因子,维持细胞渗透压,某些嗜盐细菌核糖体的稳定因子 |
| 铁 | FeSO4 | 细胞色素及某些酶的组分,某些铁细菌的能源物质,合成叶绿素、白喉毒素所需 |
微量元素与生理功能:下表列出相关数据。
| 元素 | 生理功能 |
|---|---|
| 锌 | 存在于乙醇脱氢酶、乳酸脱氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、醛缩酶、RNA与DNA聚合酶中 |
| 锰 | 存在于过氧化物歧化酶、柠檬酸合成酶中 |
| 钼 | 存在于硝酸盐还原酶、固氮酶、甲酸脱氢酶中 |
| 硒 | 存在于甘氨酸还原酶、甲酸脱氢酶中 |
| 钴 | 存在于谷氨酸变位酶中 |
| 铜 | 存在于细胞色素氧化酶中 |
| 钨 | 存在于甲酸脱氢酶中 |
| 镍 | 存在于脲酶中,为氢细菌生长所必需 |
维生素及其在代谢中的作用:下表列出相关数据。
| 化合物 | 代谢中的作用 |
|---|---|
| 对氨基苯甲酸 | 四氢叶酸的前体,一碳单位转移的辅酶 |
| 生物素 | 催化羧化反应的酶的辅酶 |
| 辅酶M | 甲烷形成中的辅酶 |
| 叶酸 | 四氢叶酸包括在一碳单位转移辅酶中 |
| 泛酸 | 辅酶A的前体 |
| 硫辛酸 | 丙酮酸脱氢酶复合物的辅基 |
| 尼克酸 | NAD、NADP的前体,它们是许多脱氢酶的辅酶 |
| 吡哆素(B6) | 参与氨基酸和酮酶的转化 |
| 核黄素(B2) | 黄素单磷酸(FMN)和FAD的前体,是黄素蛋白的辅基 |
| 钴胺素(B12) | 辅酶B12包括在重排反应里(如谷氨酸变位酶) |
| 硫胺素(B1) | 硫胺素焦磷酸脱羧酶、转醛醇酶和转酮醇酶的辅基 |
| 维生素K | 甲基酮类的前体,起电子载体作用(如延胡索酸还原酶) |
| 氧肟酸 | 促进铁的溶解性和向细胞中的转移 |
几类微生物生长最适水活度:下表列出相关数据。
| 微生物类群 | 最适水活度(Aw) |
|---|---|
| 一般细菌 | 0.91 |
| 酵母菌 | 0.88 |
| 霉菌 | 0.80 |
| 嗜盐细菌 | 0.76 |
| 嗜盐真菌 | 0.65 |
| 嗜高渗酵母 | 0.60 |
注:源文件表格标题中的水活度符号 Aw 因字体缺失显示为 w,此处按标准记法补全为 Aw。
微生物的营养类型
一、光能无机营养型(photo litho auto trophy)二、光能有机营养型(photo organo he ter oph y)三、化能无机营养型(che moli tho auto trophy)四、化能有机营养型(che mo organo heterotroph y) 第二节 类型
一、光能无机营养型光能无机营养型也称光能自养型,这是一类能以 CO2 为唯一碳源或主要碳源并利用光能进行生长的的微生物,它们能以无机物如水、硫化氢、硫代硫酸钠或其他无机化合物为电子供体,使 CO2 固定还原成细胞物质,并且伴随元素氧(硫) 的释放
微生物营养类型比较:下表列出相关数据。
| 营养类型 | 电子供体 | 碳源 | 能源 | 代表类群 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 光能无机营养型 | H2、H2S、S或H2O | CO2 | 光能 | 着色细菌、蓝细菌、藻类 |
| 光能有机营养型 | 有机物 | 有机物 | 光能 | 红螺细菌 |
| 化能无机营养型 | H2、H2S、Fe2+、NH3或NO2- | CO2 | 化学能(无机物氧化) | 氢细菌、硫杆菌、亚硝化单胞菌属、硝化杆菌属、甲烷杆菌属、醋酸杆菌属 |
| 化能有机营养型 | 有机物 | 有机物 | 化学能(有机物氧化) | 假单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属、乳酸菌属、真菌、原生动物 |
影响营养物质进入细胞的因素营养物质本身的性质微生物所处的环境微生物细胞的透过屏障(permeability barrier) 第三节营养物质进入细胞
营养物质的运输方式
简单扩散(Simple Diffusion)被动扩散(Passive Transport)主动运输(Active Transport)基团转位(Group Translocation) 物质运输的机制
白色念珠菌
Candida albicans
简单扩散
Simple diffusionis the net movement of small molecules or ions froman area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration Diffusion is powered bythe potential energy of a concentration gradient and does not requirethe expenditure of metabolic energy.
Examples include the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of cells.
简单扩散(步骤1)
Simple Diffusion, Step 1
简单扩散(步骤2)
Simple Diffusion, Step 2
水分子通过膜孔
Free Water Passing Through Membrane Pores When a solute such as sugar dissolves in water it forms weak hydrogen bonds with water molecules While free unbound water molecules are small enough to pass through membrane pores water molecules bound to solute are not
单向运输
Transport of Substances Across a Membrane by Uniporters
单向运输示意图
Transport of Substances Across a Membrane by Uniporters Uniporters are transport proteins that transports a substance from one side of the membrane to the other.
Since no energy is required for this type of transport, it is known as passive transport
反向运输
Transport of Substances Across a Membrane by Antiporters
反向运输示意图
Transport of Substances Across a Membrane by Antiporters
同向运输
Transport of Substances Across a Membrane by Symporters
同向运输示意图
Transport of Substances Across a Membrane by Symporters
被动运输
PASSIVE TRANSPORTThe transport of substances across a membrane by protein transporters (also called carrier proteins) from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration.
No energy is required.
Passive transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, is the transport of substances across the membrane by means uniporters.
被动运输示意图
Transport of Substances Across a Membrane by Uniporters
被动运输(续)
Passive Transportof Substances Across a Membrane
主动运输
ACTIVE TRANSPORT:The cell uses transporter proteins(carrier molecules anti porters or sym porters) and energy from a proton motive forceor the breakdown of ATPto transport substances across a membrane against the concentration gradient.
Active transport allows cells to accumulate needed substances even when the concentration is lower outside.
主动运输与质子动力
Active Transport Proton Motive ForceA sym porter transports protons (H+) and a substrate across the membrane.
The movement of protons across the membrane (proton motive force) provides the energy.
ATP依赖的主动运输
An example of an ATP-dependent active transport found in various gram-negative bacteria is the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) system.
This involves substrate specific binding proteins located in the bacterial periplasm, the gel-like substance between the bacterial cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane.
主动运输(步骤1)
Active Transport, Step 1This form of active transport involves both transporter proteins and the energy provided by the hydrolysis of ATP.
A specific peri plasm ic binding protein carries the substance to be transported to a membrane spanning transporter.
主动运输(步骤2)
Active Transport, Step 2The molecule to be transported across the membrane enters the transporter protein system and a molecule of ATP enters the ATP binding site of the ATP hydro ly zing protein.
主动运输(步骤3)
Active Transport, Step 3Energy provided by the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP, phosphate, and energy moves the molecule across the membrane.
主动运输(步骤4)
Active Transport, Step 4The carrier protein releases the molecule being transported and the transporter system is ready to be used again
主动运输总览
Active Transport of Substances Across a Membrane:The ATP-Binding Cassette Transport System Inthe ATP binding cassette(ABC)system of transport a high affinity binding protein located in the peri plasm between the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall picks up the substance to be transported and carries it to the membrane spanning transporter The actual transport across the membrane is powered by the energy provided by the breakdown of ATPbyan ATP hydro ly zing protein
基团转位
Group Translocation:A special form of active transport that can occur in prokaryotes.
A substance is chemically altered during transport across a membrane so that once inside, the membrane becomes impermeable to that substance and it remains within the cell.An example of group translocation in bacteria is the ph os ph o transfer as e system.A high-energy phosphate group from ph os ph o enol pyruvate (PEP)is transferred by a series of enzymes to glucose.
The final enzyme both phosphorylates the glucose and transports it across the membrane as glucose 6-phosphate.
基团转位(步骤1)
Group Translocation, Step 1When bacteria use the process of group translocation to transport glucose across their membrane, a high-energy phosphate group from ph os ph o enol pyruvate (PEP) is transferred to the glucose molecule to form glucose-6-phosphate
基团转位(步骤2)
Group Translocation, Step 2A high-energy phosphate group from PEP is transferred to the glucose molecule to form glucose-6-phosphate.
基团转位(步骤3)
Group Translocation, Step 3The glucose-6-phosphate is transported across the membrane.
基团转位(步骤4)
Group Translocation, Step 4Once the glucose has been converted to glucose-6-phosphate and transported across the membrane, it can no longer be transported back out.
主动运输与基团转位比较
Active Transport of Substances Across a Membrane:Group Translocation A high-energy phosphate group from ph os ph o enol pyruvate (PEP) is transferred by a series of enzymes to glucose.
The final enzyme both phosphorylates the glucose and transports it across the membrane as glucose 6-phosphate.
选择适宜的营养物质营养物质浓度及配比合适控制 pH 条件控制氧化还原电位(redoxpotential) 原料选择灭菌处理 二、配制培养基的原则
氧化硫硫杆菌培养基
氧化硫硫杆菌培养基(NH4)2SO4MgSO4·7H2O FeSO4KH2PO4CaCl2SH2OpH灭菌条件0.40.5 0.0140.251010007.0 121℃,20min
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