页数:40页文件大小:15.16 MB来源: 组织学与胚胎学ppt课件
本课件讲解皮肤的结构与功能,从表皮的分层与角化过程讲到黑素细胞、朗格汉斯细胞与基底细胞,并展开真皮的分层、皮肤免疫系统,以及毛、皮脂腺和汗腺等皮肤附属器的组织结构。
皮肤skin
epidermiskeratinized stratified squamous epithelium角质形成细胞(keratinocyte):多基底层(stratum basale)棘层(stratum spinosum)颗粒层(stratum granulosum)透明层(stratum lucidum)角质层(stratum corneum)非角质形成细胞:少黑素细胞(melanocyte)朗格汉斯细胞(Langerhans cells)梅克尔细胞(Merkel cells)
stratum basalestratum spinosumstratum granulosumstratum lucidumstratum corneum
细胞相邻面电镜光镜层次桥粒、半桥粒丰富的游离核糖体,散在成束的角蛋白丝、黑素颗粒。细胞矮柱状或立方形,核大而圆,胞质强嗜碱性。基底层桥粒游离核糖体多,成束的角蛋白丝,外皮蛋白(involucrin)、板层颗粒(lamellatedgranule)。细胞体积大,多边形,棘状突起,核大而圆,胞质弱嗜碱性。棘层板层颗粒与胞膜贴连,释放糖脂、固醇(屏障)。板层颗粒多,透明角质颗粒(keratohyalingranule)均质、不规则、无界膜。细胞扁梭形,核与细胞器退化,强嗜碱性。颗粒层与角质层相似。超微结构与角质层相似。细胞扁平,界限不清,核与细胞器消失,强嗜酸性。透明层浅表细胞桥粒解体。富含角蛋白丝。外皮蛋白、细胞间充满板层颗粒释放的脂类物质。细胞扁平,完全角化干硬,无核,无细胞器,嗜酸性均质状,轮廓不清。角质层
表皮多巴组织化学反应示黑素细胞3.3×40
酪胺酸melanosome酪胺酸酶黑色素移入突起末端,注入角质形成细胞。吸收和散射紫外线,保护表皮深层幼稚细胞。充满色素黑素颗粒(melanin granule)
ATP酶组织化学法示朗格汉斯细胞5×40
毛干(hair shaft)毛根(hair root)立毛肌(arrector pili muscle)毛囊(hair follicle)毛球(hair bulb)(hair matrix)毛乳头(hair papilla)epithelial root sheathconnective tissue sheath富含毛细血管和神经末梢的结缔组织,对毛的生长起诱导和营养作用。角化上皮细胞,充满角蛋白,并含黑色素。hair
毛的生长和更新头发生长周期(3~5年)生长期:毛囊长,毛球膨大,毛乳头血流丰富,毛母质细胞分裂活跃,使毛生长。(0.2 mm / d)静止期:毛囊变短,毛球缩小,毛乳头聚成一团,毛母质细胞停止分裂并发生角化,毛根与毛球和毛囊连接不牢,毛易脱落。
sebaceous glandhair follicleductacinus——holocrine gland
sebaceous gland位于毛囊和立毛肌之间acinus:周边部:小,干细胞中央部:大,多边形,核固缩,胞质内充满脂滴。近导管处:腺细胞解体为皮脂,经导管排入毛囊上部或直接排到皮肤表面皮脂:润滑皮肤。受性激素影响。duct
局(外)泌汗腺(merocrine or eccrine sweat gland):遍布全身皮肤。acinus:锥形。外有肌上皮细胞(myoepithelial cell)(收缩)。duct:两层立方形细胞。在表皮中螺旋走行。汗液:水、钠、钾、氯、乳酸盐和尿素等。作用:调节体温、湿润皮肤、排泄废物。顶泌汗腺(apocrine sweat gland):分布于腋窝、乳晕、阴部等处。分泌物:粘稠乳状液,含蛋白质、脂类等。被细菌分解产生特殊气味,分泌受性激素影响。sweat gland
SummaryThe skin is the heaviest single organ of the body, accounting for about 8% oftotal body weight and,in adults,presenting1.2-2.3m2 of surface to the externalenvironment, It is composed of the epidermis an epithelial layer of ectodermalorigin, and the dermis, a layer of connective tissue of mesodermal origin.Epidermal derivatives include hairs, nails, and sebaceous and sweatglands.Bene ath the dermis lies the hypodermis ,or subcutaneous tissue, a looseconnective tissue that may contain a pad of adipose cells, the panniculusadiposus. The extenal layer of the skin is relatively impermeable to water,which prevents water loss by evaporation and allows for terrestrial life. Theskin functions as a receptor organ in continuous communication with theenvironment and protects the organism from impact and friction injuries.Melanin, a pigment produced and stored in the cells of the epidermis, providesfurther protective action against the sun,s ultraviolet rays. Glands of the skin,blood vessels,and adipose tissue participate in thermoregulation, bodymetabolism, and the excretion of various substances. Under the action of solarradiation,vitamin D3 is formend from precursors synthesized by the epidermallayer. Because skin is elastic, it can expand to cover large areas in conditionsassociated with swelling,such as edema and pregnancy.
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