15 第15章 植物抗非生物胁迫育种.pptx

第1页：抗逆性、育种与选择

Chapter 15Breeding for stress tolerance

第2页：抗逆性、品质性状

• 1. Introduction
• This abiotic effect is called as environmentstress.
• Crops show great differences in toleranceto various environment stresses, thus it ispossible for crop breeders to breed newvarieties with better adaptation to abioticstress and stable yield and quality.

第3页：抗逆性、品质性状

• We can classify the abiotic stresses into threecatagories: temperature stress, water stress andproblem soil stress.
• Temperature stress includes high temperature stressand low temperature stress such as freezing damageand cold damage.
• Water stress includes drought and logging damages.Drought means atmospheric drought and soil drought.Combined stress also occur. For example, highttemperature often happen together with drought.
• The problem soil stress mainly includes salt andalkaline damage and Al toxicity in acidic soils.1.1 What Stresses Effect Plants?

第4页：抗逆性育种利用作物本身的遗传特性培育获得

抗逆性育种利用作物本身的遗传特性培育获得逆境条件下能保持相对稳定的产量和品质的新品种作物逆境种类

第5页：抗逆性、品质性状

• Pressure From The Environment
• Intensive irrigation andagriculture has led to severeproblems such as increasedsalinity in the soil.
• Global Climate change isaltering environmentalconditions1.2 Why Is There A Need For Stress Tolerant Plants?

第6页：抗逆性、品质性状

• There are great differences in tolerance toabiotic stress in inter-species or within species.This provides possibility for crop breeders tocarry out breeding for stress tolerance.
• Problems of mineral stress in plants can bereduced or prevented by modifying the soil to fita given plants or by breeding plant genotypeswith greater tolerance to stress.
• Breeding tolerant varieties is an environmentfriendly and sustainable approach for cropproduction in stressed soils.

第7页：抗逆性、抗病虫性

• 1.3 The characteristics of breeding for stresstolerance
• The genetic improvement for stress should notbe confined to stress alone, it must combine withthe improvements of yield, quality, disease andinsect pest tolerance and so on.
• The breeders should base on the stress typesand crop genetic characteristics of major traits tochoose corresponding breeding methods.
• The conventional breeding methods are mainstream breeding methods, such as selectionbreeding, hybridization breeding, recurrentselection, etc.

第8页：分子标记与基因位点、抗逆性

• 1.3 The characteristics of breeding for stresstolerance
• Recent breakthroughs in cellular and molecular biologyparticularly in molecular markers and recombinant DNAtechnologies have provided new tools that can increasethe efficiency of conventional plant breeding methodsand allow several unconventional approaches for cropimprovement.
• These developments provide most welcome additions tothe tool box of plant breeders to solve plant breedingproblems. These tools are useful for increasing the yieldpotential, developing cultivars with multiple resistance tobiotic and abiotic stresses, improving nutritional quality ofcrops and in enhancing the efficiency of conventionalplant breeding methods.

第9页：抗逆性、抗病虫性

• Like other breeding for the traits of economic importance,breeding for stress tolerance has following characteristics:
• As the case of the incidence of diseases and insect pests, thedamage extent of stress is annually or regionally different anddifferent stresses may appear simultaneously. This makes it difficultto breed varieties.
• Stress can cause crop damage in many respects, thus damage isdifferent at different growing stages and the index for identification ofstress are different. The index is usually a combination ofmorphological or physiological traits with yield.
• Genetic studies show that the inheritance of these stresses arecomplex, mainly controlled by multi-genes. The progeny segregationfollowed a hybridization is usually consistent and genetic effectsincludes additive, dominant and interaction, etc.
• Close associations between different stresses are observed such asbetween drought and salt alkaline tolerance, drought and Al toxicitytolerance.

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第11页：1.4 integrating

1.4 integrating biology to reveal the mechanism

第12页：作物抗旱育种

• 2作物抗旱育种
• 2.1意义全球：荒漠化土地面积3600万平方公里，占全球陆地面积的1/4，相当于俄、加、中、美四国国土的总和，并以每年
• 5万至
• 7万平方公里的速度扩大。1/3耕地面积供水不足，其它耕地周期性缺水。我国：85％的自然灾害为气象灾害，干旱灾害又占气象灾害的50％左右，3/4的耕地面积遭受不同程度干旱的威胁，20世纪九十年代我国北方干旱频繁发生，特别是西北地区出现了1995年和1997年的严重干旱，而西南部分地区近几年也频繁发生干旱

第13页：2003年湖南旱灾农民不得不下井底获取饮

2003年湖南旱灾农民不得不下井底获取饮用水

第14页：旱灾后的水稻

旱灾后的水稻

第15页：2006年：月-8月重庆持续一个

7月-8月重庆持续一个多月的高温干旱

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第17页：作物抗旱性免旱性

• 2.2作物抗旱性免旱性：在生长环境中水分不足时，植物体内仍能保持水分免受伤害，以至能进行正常生长的性能
• 包括保持水分的吸收和减少水分的损失
• 免旱性的主要特点大都表现在形态结构上
• 耐旱性：作物忍受组织水势低的能力，不受伤害或减轻损害
• 耐旱的主要特点则大都表现在生理上抗旱
• 免旱性和耐旱性属于真正的抗旱性
• 避旱性：通过早熟或发育的可塑性，在时间上避开干旱的危害，不属于抗旱性

第18页：Inbred

Inbred lines of tropical maize exhibiting contrastingperformance in relation to water deficit under field conditions

第19页：抗旱性鉴定技术和指标鉴定技术

2.3抗旱性鉴定技术和指

标鉴定技术：自然田间鉴定田间水分控制人工气候箱鉴定PEG模拟干旱抗旱育种要求在作物的品种间、分离群体内获得最大的表型变异度水分敏感期鉴定鉴定指标

1)产量指标

抗旱系数=干旱胁迫下产量/非胁迫下的产量干旱敏感指数=（1-抗旱系数）/胁迫强度抗旱指数=抗旱系数*旱地产量/所有品种旱地平均产量

第20页：形态指标：发芽能力、幼苗存活与生长状况

• 2)形态指标
• 发芽能力、幼苗存活与生长状况
• 根长或扎根深度、根冠比大、根系长与数量多
• 叶小、直立、角质层厚、气孔少、气孔下陷
• 维管束紧密、导管多直径大
• 芽鞘长度：小麦低水势下芽鞘长度与干旱条件下产量的相关性不耐旱叶片表皮极度密集的气孔仙人掌表面向内凹陷的气孔双子叶植物开放的气孔单子叶植物的气孔

第21页：生理生化指标

• 3)生理生化指标
• 离体叶片持水能力、根冠淀粉水解状况
• 花粉败育率
• 叶绿素稳定性
• 气孔开度、ABA、叶水势、耐高温承受力和冠层温度气孔调节
• 膜透性、叶片导性
• SOD酶活性
• 渗透调节：K+、Ca+、无机盐脯氨酸（渗透胁迫下积累的1种相容渗透剂,提高细胞内渗透势、保护细胞蛋白质结构和防止酶变性的作用）甘露醇、甜菜碱、糖气孔的开闭的调节因子有昼夜节律、红蓝光、脱落酸（ABA）、乙酰胆碱、二氧化碳浓度、大气湿度、温度等因素的调节

第22页：根系特征

4)根系特征

第23页：作物抗旱性遗传

• 2.4作物抗旱性遗传
• 作物抗旱表现型受多个性状的综合作用
• 不同作物的不同指标（各种形态、生理的）遗传分析表明都是多基因遗传；加性效应和非加性效应,而且还受制于正反交效应的影响；有的为加性-显性模型；抗旱有关的渗透调节表现为质量—数量性状遗传
• 抗旱相关性状的不同性状的一些QTLs集中分布在染色体的某个或某些区间,形成基因簇；如水稻根系形态性状、田间抗旱能力以及渗透调节相关QTLs被定位在Chr.8的同一区间
• 渗透调节基因(or)：分别定位于小麦的7AS、水稻的Chr.8、大麦的Chr.1的短臂，这些区域同源。与其他一些抗旱相关基因成簇
• 小麦控制脯氨酸、游离糖、叶片水势的位点定位在5A和5D染色体上

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第29页：资源鉴定与育种

2.5资源鉴定与育种

2.5资源鉴定与育种

1)抗旱资源筛选

野生种质、地方品种、育成品种

2)选择适当的鉴定方法与指

标丰产潜力与抗旱性水旱交替选择不同生态环境及不同生产条件下选育（高产型小麦新品种晋麦

60号、临丰

60号、临丰

615）3)方法

杂交、远缘杂交、分子标记辅助选择、转基因

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第31页：抗逆性、品质性状

-K-N-PNutrient deficiency养分缺乏-Fe+Mn+PbElement toxicity元素毒害-Fe+Al3 Breeding for adaptation to problem soil

第32页：抗逆性（作物抗逆性育种）

P deficiency

第33页：抗逆性（作物抗逆性育种）

K deficiency

第34页：抗逆性、品质性状

• Acid soilsoccupy approximately 30% of world’s icefree land area.Acid soils account for 21% of totalsoils of China.
• Al toxicity and phosphorus deficiency are majorsfactors limiting plant growth in acid soils and thetwo factors often appear together
• Therefore, a root system that can escape fromthe severe damage by acidic soil should not onlyhave Al tolerance but also have the ability tosupply enough P to the plant
• Al can damage the root, thus resulting in nutrientdeficiency ( P, Ca, K, Mg) and water deficit3.1 the main problems in acid soils

第35页：抗逆性、品质性状

• The acid soils can be corrected with liming practiceand application of phosphorus, but liming correctionis limited technically，and application of P wereeconomically limited by higher rates of Prequirement due to high P-fixing ability of the acidsoils.
• The wide genetic variation in Al or low P tolerancein crops provides opportunities for selecting andbreeding tolerant genotypes.
• Therefore, tailoring the crop to fit acid soils may bemore effective, economical, and environmentallyfriendly than changing the soils to fit the crops.

第36页：抗逆性、种质资源

• 3.2.1 Al tolerantgermplasm
• Farmers of the Cerrados have learned thatcorn production will only be successful ifproceded by several years of soybeanproduction. Apparently the reverse process,of initiating production with corn followedby soybean, is not possible within currenttechnological and cost parameters.3.2 Al tolerance

第37页：品质性状、作物产量

Type1: lines like L69 were low yielding and not affected by thelevel of Al in nutrition solution and soils.Type 2: lines like L153 have high yield per se at an intermediatelevel of Al and are not affected by low levels.Type 3: line 297 are linear to Al concentration

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第39页：抗逆性、杂交与授粉

• Segregation of root elongation and Al accumulation in F2progenies derived from a cross between Mo17 and Zhi330were continuous under 10
• MAl stress, indicating that bothof them was controlled by multi-genes. The high heritabilityfor root elongation under Al stress was observed, indicatingthe relative ease by which Al tolerance may be obtained.

第40页：品质性状、诱变与突变体筛选

• Screening Al-tolerant genotypes
• Armiger et al. (1968) firstfound that soybean Perrywas more tolerant to Al tha Chief, and later, several Al-tolerant soybean genotypessuch as Lee, PI 416937were found. Over the pastthree decades soybeanshave been widely grown inacid soils, especially i Brazil where the soybeancultivation area hasincreased rapidly.

第41页：品质性状、诱变与突变体筛选

• Methods of screening Al-tolerant crops
• Hydroponics culture
• Soil Pot culture
• Field cultivation

第42页：抗逆性（作物抗逆性育种）

• 3.2.2Mechanisms responsible for Al tolerance
• Al external exclusion
• 1) Root exudates:organic acid, mucilage
• phenolics and P from maize
• Sugar from wheat roots
• 2) Binding of Al in cell wall
• 3) Increasing pH in root rhizosphere
• B Internal detoxification

第43页：分子遗传（作物抗逆性育种）

• Genetic mechanisms1) major gene
• Maize (1976), wheat ET8 and ES82) multi-genes
• Soybean, Maize, wheat

第44页：基于根系的大豆磷效率育种

3.3基于根系的大豆磷效率育种

第45页：育种与选择、分子遗传

Genetic Breeding for P efficiency and root traits耐低磷遗传改良Local Variety地方品种P-Efficient Lines¸磷高效品种

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第48页：新途径：植物遗传改良Novel

新途径：植物遗传改良Novel Approach:Genetic improvement ofplants传统途径：改土、施肥Conventional Approach:Soil amendments andfertilization解决土壤植物营养问题的途径？Approaches to soil-nutrient problems?Plant Root Breeding植物根系育种

第49页：分子遗传（作物抗逆性育种）

Genetic Variation for Root Architecture in Soybean

第50页：品质性状（作物抗逆性育种）

ShallowIntermediateDeepWhat is the ideal root architecture for soybean in low-P acid soils?

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第52页：2006年国家审定品种Nationall

• 2006年国家审定品种Nationally Certified Varieties in 2006华春
• 1号HC-1华春
• 2号HC-2春大豆Spring Series夏大豆Summer Series华夏
• 1号HX-1华夏
• 3号HX-3

第53页：百粒重（克）生育期（天）粗脂肪含量（%）

原表产量单位标注为“kg/”（不完整），此处保留原数值、单位按“kg”处理；华夏2号一行原文仅给出一个产量数据（178.93），按其位置暂记入区域试验平均产量，最高产量原表未标注，需对照原图核对。

第54页：抗逆性、育种与选择

The most of newly-released cultivarsexhibited greater tolerance to Altoxicity than the control GX 1. (Fig.3).YX 2, YX 3 and YX 4 were moretolerant than PI 416937. Moreover,three spring-sown soybeans HC 1,HC 2 and HC 3 were found moretolerant than PI 416937 and Lee.Fig. 3 The evaluation for Al tolerance.Fig 4 Difference cultivars in Al tolerance（spring sown soybean）春豆品种耐酸铝差异

第55页：抗逆性、品质性状

The assessment of new cultivarsfor P efficiencyNew cultivars were assessed for P efficiency,respectively.The cultivars were tested in the soil potexperiment for low-P tolerance withaddition of 0, 0.44, 0.88 g KH2PO4 per kgsoil, respectively.The plants were harvested after 45treatment and shoot fresh weight wasmeasured.

第56页：Low-P低磷P addition施磷

Low-P低磷P addition施磷

第57页：抗逆性、品质性状

In the soil pot experiment, P deficiency caused great reduction ofshoot fresh weight in soybeans. All newly-released genotypes hadhigher shoot fresh weight than the control GX 1 and Brazilian cultivarB10 at all P levels (Fig. 5).Among the cultivars, YX 1 was most tolerant to P deficiency and hadthe same shoot fresh weight at MP and HP levels. YX 2 was tolerantto low-P and well responsive to P addition. In soil pot experiment, allnew-bred genotypes had higher shoot fresh weight than the controlsat all P levels.Fig.5. The evaluation for low-P tolerance.

第58页：华春：号的根系特性Root

• 华春
• 2号的根系特性Root traits of HC-2BD2HC-2

第59页：肥料与养分利用（作物抗逆性育种）

• +P (160 kg P/ha as TSP)160 kg P/ha-P (no P fertilizers)No P addedBD2BD2HC-2HC-2华春
• 2号的田间表现Field performance of HC-2

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