页数:51页文件大小:665.9 KB来源: 食品营养学ppt课件
本课件讲清人体能量的收支关系:摄入来自食物与饮料,输出由基础代谢、体力活动与食物热效应构成;随后讨论体脂多少的健康风险、BMI 与腰围评估,用二十年前后的外食份量对比呈现肥胖现状,并解释饥饿、食欲的调控机制。
食品营养学 第三章 营养与能量平衡
第一节 能量平衡 体内能量的收支平衡
贮存能量的改变 = 能量摄入 - 能量输出。
吃得过多,或吃得过少时,身体会发生什么变化?改变自身机体构成。
当进食过多时:多余的能量以脂肪形式进入脂肪组织贮存,脂肪细胞体积增大。
当进食过少时(调用储备):机体动用脂肪组织中贮存的脂肪供能,脂肪细胞体积缩小。
当糖原耗尽,却未进食时:机体转而大量分解脂肪并动用蛋白质供能,脂肪氧化不彻底可产生酮体。
能量的输出 能量消耗构成:
几种营养素的食物能值和生理能值
| 名称 | 食物能值(kJ/g) | 食物能值(kcal/g) | 吸收率(%) | 尿中损失(kJ/g) | 生理能值(kJ/g) | 生理能值(kcal/g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 蛋白质 | 23.6 | 5.65 | 92 | 5.2 | 16.7 | 4.0 |
| 脂肪 | 39.5 | 9.45 | 95 | — | 37.6 | 9.0 |
| 碳水化合物 | 17.2 | 4.1 | 98 | — | 16.7 | 4.0 |
| 乙醇 | 29.7 | 7.1 | 100 | 微量 | 29.7 | 7.1 |
食物能值:是食物彻底燃烧时所测定的能值;生理能值:即机体可利用的能值。
蛋白质在体内不能完全被氧化分解,代谢废物有尿素、尿酸、肌酐等有机物,随尿液排出体外,这些物质能产生能量 5.2kJ/g。
原表为竖排数据经文字提取后错位(如出现“4174.0”“389.0”等连排数字),本表按《食品营养学》通用数值还原各营养素的食物能值、吸收率与生理能值。
中国食物成分表 2010 版:查算食物能量与营养素含量时可依据本表提供的成分数据。
能量的输出——基础代谢
影响 BMR 的因素
能量的输出——体力活动
能量的输出——对食物的代谢反应
对食物的代谢反应(特殊动力作用,热效应)是指人体由于摄食所引起的一种额外热能损耗,不同营养素的热效应各不相同。
第二节 体脂太多或太少带来的问题
评估身体的发胖状况:各年龄段成人参考体重(图中按性别与年龄给出参考范围)。
评估身体的发胖状况:BMI 值及患病危险。
测量腰围:用不可拉伸的尺子测量肚脐部位的腰围。男子的健康范围小于 102cm,女性则小于 88cm。
第三节 肥胖的现状
“We're raising our children the way we raise calves for veal—keep them in boxes, feed them too much, and allow them no exercise.” ——Rich Killingsworth,Center for Disease Control and Prevention
BAGEL:20 Years Ago 直径 3 英寸、140 calories;Today 直径 6 英寸。How many calories are in this bagel?
BAGEL:20 Years Ago 140 calories(3-inch diameter)→ Today 350 calories(6-inch diameter),Calorie Difference: 210 calories。
Maintaining a Healthy Weight is a Balancing Act:Calories In = Calories Out。How long will you have to rake leaves in order to burn the extra 210 calories?(Based on 130-pound person)
If you rake the leaves for 50 minutes you will burn the extra 210 calories.(Based on 130-pound person)
CHEESEBURGER:20 Years Ago 333 calories。How many calories are in today's cheeseburger?
CHEESEBURGER:20 Years Ago 333 calories → Today 590 calories,Calorie Difference: 257 calories。
How long will you have to lift weights in order to burn the extra 257 calories?(Based on 130-pound person)Calories In = Calories Out。
If you lift weights for 1 hour and 30 minutes, you will burn approximately 257 calories.(Based on 130-pound person)
SPAGHETTI AND MEATBALLS:20 Years Ago 1 cup spaghetti with sauce and 3 small meatballs,500 calories。How many calories do you think are in today's portion?
Today:2 cups of pasta with sauce and 3 large meatballs,1,025 calories;Calorie Difference: 525 calories。
How long will you have to houseclean in order to burn the extra 525 calories?(Based on 130-pound person)Calories In = Calories Out。
If you houseclean for 2 hours and 35 minutes, you will burn approximately 525 calories.(Based on 130-pound person)
FRENCH FRIES:20 Years Ago 2.4 ounces,210 Calories。How many calories are in today's portion of fries?
Today:6.9 ounces,610 Calories;Calorie Difference: 400 Calories。
How long will you have to walk leisurely in order to burn those extra 400 calories?(Based on 160-pound person)Calories In = Calories Out。
If you walk leisurely for 1 hour and 10 minutes you will burn approximately 400 calories.(Based on 160-pound person)
SODA:20 Years Ago 6.5 ounces,85 Calories。How many calories are in today's portion?
Today:20 ounces,250 Calories;Calorie Difference: 165 Calories。
How long will you have to work in the garden to burn those extra calories?(Based on 160-pound person)Calories In = Calories Out。
If you work in the garden for 35 minutes, you will burn approximately 165 calories.(Based on 160-pound person)
TURKEY SANDWICH:20 Years Ago 320 calories。How many calories are in today's turkey sandwich?
Today:820 calories;Calorie Difference: 500 calories。
How long will you have to ride a bike in order to burn those extra calories?(Based on 160-pound person)Calories In = Calories Out。
If you ride a bike for 1 hour and 25 minutes, you will burn approximately 500 calories.(Based on 160-pound person)
第四节 发胖之谜 为什么要吃那么多东西?
1. “进行信号”——饥饿与食欲
影响食欲的因素包括:① 后天的喜好、反感和时间;② 环境因素;③ 内啡肽;④ 天生的食欲;⑤ 社会交流;⑥ 某些疾病;⑦ 某些药物。
2. “停止信号”——饱满感
级联调控:饥饿、食欲、饱足感(图中展示了从下丘脑信号、胃肠信号到激素与神经递质逐级传递的调控链条)。
遗传与肥胖
1. 瘦身素(leptin):由脂肪细胞分泌,作用于下丘脑抑制食欲、增加能量消耗,是体重调控的重要遗传因素。
遗传与肥胖 2. 褐色脂肪组织
图中对比褐色脂肪组织与白色脂肪组织:褐色脂肪含大量线粒体,主要产热;白色脂肪主要储存能量。
遗传与肥胖
人的行为是否会引起肥胖?
第五节 能量在食品加工中的变化
第六节 能量的供给与食物来源
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