页数：57页文件大小：2.09 MB来源： 建筑工程专业英语ppt课件
本单元以“低碳建筑——零碳目标施工”为主题，说明建筑能耗在国家总燃料消耗中的占比、化石燃料开采与价格上涨之间的关系，进而提出建筑节能与减少碳排放的技术方向，阅读材料系统介绍绿色建筑的定义与实践。
Unit 10 节能建筑（Energy-saving Building）
Low Carbon Buildings—Target Zero Carbon Construction Low Carbon Buildings—Target Zero Carbon Construction Most of our energy comes from burning fossil fuels. This produces Carbon Dioxide and pollution, and uses up a valuable and diminishing resource.
Whatever the truth about the proportion of global warming caused by man compared to natural causes, there is no doubt that we are burning more hydrocarbon fuels and causing more pollution than ever before. This impacts climate change and causes environmental degradation.
Buildings account for about half of the total fuel burnin the country and half of that is accounted for by commercial buildings. As more fossil fuels are extracted, the demand for them grows, which results in the price increasing.
Most fossil fuels are now imported，leading to dependency. So there are very sensible economic and political cases for reducing hydrocarbon, or fossil fuel consumption.
Unless buildings become more efficient, there is noway the political target of an80%carbon reduction by2050will be met. Text ALow Carbon Buildings—Target Zero Carbon Construction
How to Embody Less Carbon Construction Materials in Your Building Concrete and steel both emit carbon dioxide in their production. If all steel used in the building project were new and made from imported ore in a blast furnace, then the carbon content within the steel would be as high as concrete.
Fortunately steel is nearly100%recyclable, and there-use embodies much less carbon. Therefore, steel framed buildings and structures embody less carbon than their concrete cousins.
Text ALow Carbon Buildings—Target Zero Carbon Construction
Using timber framing is an alternative and unlike steel and concrete, the production of timber absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Apart from the energy spent in harvesting, transporting and processing, the timber is therefore carbon-negative.
If all the timber at the end of its life were to be burnt in a waste-to-powerplant, the use of timber would be very positive; But timber has an Achilles heel. Only a small proportion of a tree becomes structural timber.
Wood that rots gives off part of its carbon content as methane, which is25times more dangerous as a greenhouse gas, than carbon dioxide. If only4%of a tree rots in this way, its global warming potential is the same as the burning of a whole tree.
Timber frame is also very expensive, and is best kept for those places where the aesthetic value is great. Thus steel buildings in practice usually embody low carbon.
Text ALow Carbon Buildings—Target Zero Carbon Construction
How to Make Commercial Buildings More Efficient in Use A. ReducingtheamountofairleakageB.
Doors can have rapid opening and closing to minimize the time they are open. C.
Reducing thermal bridging Text ALow Carbon Buildings—Target Zero Carbon Construction
D. Efficient lighting and internal equipment will reduce energy use.
E. Various wall finishes on south facing walls can trap heat which can be used for space heating.
F. Buildingscanbebuiltwith'greenroofs'(Fig.
10.1) with insulation and then a membrane, over which soil or other growing medium is placed. Then suitable plants are planted.
Text ALow Carbon Buildings—Target Zero Carbon Construction
Fig. 10.1 Building with "Green Roofs"
How to Get Power From Sources Other Than Hydrocarbons. A.
Ground source heat pumps—Use pipes buried in the ground to circulate water over large areas. This can extract heat from the ground.(Figure 10.2) B.
Air source heat pumps—By extracting heat from the outside to heat buildings. C.
Combined Heat and Power, CHP—Generating both electricity and useful heat with the appliance of a heat engine or power station. Text ALow Carbon Buildings—Target Zero Carbon Construction
Low Carbon Buildings—Target Zero Carbon Construction Fig. 10.2 Low Carbon Building Designed in this Fashion
D. Biomass Fuelled Power Stations—This renewable energy source is derived from various energy sources such as wood, waste, landfill gases, alcohol fuels and rubbish.
E. Solar Heating—These systems are a popular way of using renewable energy technology.
This can work effectively for heating water, but probably not for space heating or cooling. F.
Solar Power Generation—This source of electricity is produced from the sun and pushes it into existing electrical grids. Text ALow Carbon Buildings—Target Zero Carbon Construction
G. Photo Voltaic Cells—This is a direct conversion from light to electricity.
H. Hydro Electric—A good clean method of generating electricity assuming there is a good head of water.
It canbe done on a small scale if there is a supply of high pressured water. I.
Wave Power—This is an almost inexhaustible source of energy but it is still in its infancy. Text ALow Carbon Buildings—Target Zero Carbon Construction
J. Tidal Power—Uses the power of the tides to convert energy into electricity or other forms of power.
K. Purchasing'Green'Energy—By producing your own energy and using natural resources, this electricity or heat can be described as zero or low carbon energy.
Text ALow Carbon Buildings—Target Zero Carbon Construction
Fig. 10.2 Low Carbon Building Designed in this Fashion
说明：源文件音标采用专用字体编码，无法无损还原，此处保留单词、词性与中文释义。
1. Whatever the truth about the proportion of global warming caused by man compared to natural causes, there is no doubt that we are burning more hydrocarbon fuels and causing more pollution than ever before.
不管人为引起的全球变暖和自然因素导致的全球变暖相比，它的比重有多少，毫无疑问，我们在史无前例地燃烧更多的烃类燃料并引起更多的污染。2. As more fossil fuels are extracted, the demand for them grows, which results in the price increasing.
当我们提炼更多的矿物燃料时，对它的需求就会增长，这就导致了价格的上涨。result in: 导致, 结果是。e. g.
The talks resulted in reducing the number of missiles. 谈判结果削减了导弹数量。
3. If all steel used in the building project were new and made from imported ore in a blast furnace, then the carbon content within the steel would be as high as concrete.
如果在建筑项目中使用的所有钢材都是新的并且在锻炉中从进口矿石中提炼出来的，那么钢材中碳的含量将和混凝土中的含量一样高。4. Apart from the energy spent, harvesting, transporting and processing it, the timber is therefore carbon-negative.
因此，除了收获、运输和加工的能量消耗，木材是碳负性的。apart from: 除了…都；除去。e. g.
Apart from his nose，he's quite good-looking. 他除了鼻子以外, 哪儿都很好看。
5. But timber has an Achilles’ heel.
但是木材也有它的致命的弱点，句中 Achilles’ heel 指某人或某物致命的弱点或缺陷。这个词来源于希腊神话中的英雄人物阿基琉斯。阿基琉斯在年幼时，他母亲将他浸在了斯提克斯河（冥河）中，这就会让他不会受伤。他母亲当时是抓着他的脚后跟把他放入水中的，因此他的脚后跟没有浸到水里面。阿基琉斯在脚后跟被箭射中后死去。
8. How can we make commercial buildings more efficient in use?
A. Reducing the amount of air leakageB.
Doors can have rapid opening and closing to minimize the time they are open. C.
Reducing thermal bridgingD. Efficient lighting and internal equipment will reduce energy use.
E. Various wall finishes on south facing walls can trap heat which canF.
be used for space heating. G.
Buildings can be built with 'green roofs' with insulation and then a membrane, over which soil or other growing medium is placed. Then suitable plants are planted.
II. Translate the follows terms into Chinese.
低碳建筑—以零排放建筑为目标我们多数的能量来自于燃烧矿物燃料，这就会产生二氧化碳和污染并会用尽宝贵而且日渐减少的资源。不管人为引起的全球变暖和自然因素导致的全球变暖相比，它的比重有多少，毫无疑问，我们在史无前例地燃烧更多的烃类燃料并引起更多的污染。这会影响气候变化并导致环境恶化。
建筑物消耗的燃料占全国燃料消耗总量的一半，这一半中又有一半被商业建筑所消耗。当我们提炼更多的矿物燃料时，对它的需求就会增长，这就导致了价格的上涨。大多数的矿物燃料现在都是靠进口，这又导致了依赖性，所以有许多很理性的经济或政治事件是减少烃类或矿物燃料的消耗的。除非建筑物更为高效，到 2050 年 80%的碳减排的政治目标就无法完成。
在建筑物中如何包含更少的碳建筑材料：混凝土和钢材在生产过程中都会排放出二氧化碳。如果在建筑项目中使用的所有钢材都是新的并且在锻炉中从进口矿石中提炼出来的，那么钢材中碳的含量将和混凝土中的含量一样高。幸运的是钢材几乎是可以百分之百循环利用的，并且这种再利用就包含了更少的碳。因此，钢结构的建筑和结构比混凝土结构的包含的碳少。
使用木框架是另一种选择，不像钢筋和混凝土，木材的生产会从大气中吸收二氧化碳。因此，除了收获、运输和加工的能量消耗，木材是碳负性的。如果所有的木材在寿命期结束后都能用于废物焚烧发电厂的话，木材的使用将有着非常积极的作用。但是木材也有它的致命的弱点，一棵树只有很少一部分能用作结构木材。腐烂的木头会将一部分碳以甲烷的形式释放出来，这要比温室气体—二氧化碳危险 25 倍。如果一棵树的 4%以这种方式腐烂的话，其全球变暖的潜在性就相当于燃烧一整棵树。木构架也非常的昂贵，并且都是留给了那些具有非常重要的美学价值的地方。因此钢结构建筑实际应用中含低碳。
如何让商业建筑在使用中更为高效 A. 减少漏风量 B.
让门迅速地开关以将它们打开的时间减少到最短。C. 减少热桥
D. 高效的采光和室内设备会减少能量使用。E.
南面墙的各种饰面可以吸收热量，这可以用于房间供暖。F. 建筑物可以用隔热材料建筑“绿色房顶”，然后铺上薄膜，再在上面放置土壤或其他生长基质，最后种植合适的植物。(图 10.1)
图 10.1 带有“绿色屋顶”的建筑
动力如何从能源取得而不是从烃类燃料 A. 地源热泵——使用埋在地下的管道来使水在地下大面积循环，这可以从地面吸收热量。（图 10.2） B.
空气源热泵——通过从户外吸收热来加热建筑物。C. 热电联产——用热机装置或发电厂在发电的同时产生有用的热量。
图 10.2 以低碳理念的设计的建筑图 10.2 以低碳理念的设计的建筑
D. 生物量燃料发电厂——这种可再生能源来自各种如木头，废物，填埋区沼气、酒精燃料和垃圾等能源。E.
太阳能供暖———这些系统是使用可再生能源技术常用的方式。这可以很有效的用来加热，但或许不太适用于室内弄暖或降温。F. 太阳能发电——这种电能来自太阳并被输送进电网。
G. 光伏电池——这是一种直接由光能向电能的转化的方法。H.
水力发电——如果有大量水源的话这是一种纯洁的发电方式。如果有高压水的话也可以小规模发电。I. 波浪发电——这几乎是一种用之不竭的能源，但仍在探索期。
J. 潮汐发电——利用潮汐将能量转化成电力或其他形式的力。K.
购买“绿色能源”——制造自己的能源或使用天然资源，这种电能或热能被称为零碳或低碳能源。
Green Buildings Green Buildings What is green? The term “green” refers to environmentally practices from building design to the landscaping choices (Fig.
10.3). It also encompasses energy use, water use, and storm water and wastewater reuse.
Green Buildings Fig. 10.3 A Green Building
Building can berated for their environmentally sustainable construction. OnesuchratingsystemistheLEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design).
This building rating system was developed by the U. S.
Green Building Council (GBC) and was created to: Reading Material Green Buildings
GBC Members, representing every sector of the building industry, developed and continue to refine LEED. The rating system addresses six major areas: 1.
Sustainable sites；2. Water efficiency；3.
Energy and atmosphere；4. Materials and resources；5.
Indoor environmental quality；6. Innovation and design process.
Reading Material Green Buildings
The terms “green” and “green building” apply not just to products, but to construction strategies, building design and orientation, land building operations, maintenance, and more. The less impact a building has on human health and the environment, the more green it is.
Reading Material Green Buildings
Why Going Green Makes Sense A green building may cost more upfront but, in the long run, will save money through lower operating costs over the life of the building. The green building approach applies a project lifecycle cost analysis to determining the appropriate up-front expenditure.
This analytical method calculates costs over the useful life of the asset. Reading Material Green Buildings
The integrated systems approach ensures that the building is designed as one system rather than stand-alone systems. Some benefits, such as improving occupant health, comfort, productivity, reducing pollution and landfill waste, are not easily quantified.
Consequently, they are not adequately considered in cost analysis. For this reason, consider setting as idea small portion of the building budgets to cover differential cost associated with less tangible green building benefits or to cover the cost of researching and analyzing green building options.
Even with a tight budget, many green measures can be incorporated with minimal up-front costs, and they can yield enormous savings. Reading Material Green Buildings
Retrofitting Existing Buildings It's not impossible to transform an existing building to a green one, but it can be difficult. There are some easy items that can be retrofitted into an existing building at relatively low cost and, in time, often pay for the retrofit.
Existing buildings require an up-front investment to replace something that already exists and is, presumably, in working order. However, not all of the necessary alterations need to be done at once.
Reading Material Green Buildings
Start with what needs to be fixed or repaired such as leaking faucets or toilets.(Fig. 10.4) If the building is being remodeled, keep the green concept in mind and use recycled material and paints that are environment friendly.
Whether the building is old or new, installing low-flow fixtures is one of the easiest ways to save money and to conserve water. Reading Material Green Buildings
Fig. 10.4 Repair the Leaking Faucets to Make Your Home Green Reading Material Green Buildings
If leaking faucet or fixtures cannot be repaired, replace them with ultra-low-flow fixtures. Some of the easiest green retrofits to an existing building are methods for decreasing power usage and water consumption.
For example, anytime a lightbulb burns out, replace it with an ultra-low-energy use bulb.(Fig. 10.5) When landscaping, use native plants and garden designs that requires less (orno) irrigation.
Reading Material Green Buildings
New Buildings Location is as important in green building as it is in real estate. Drinking water treatment plants are usually located near the water source–and with luck, out of the 100-year flood plain.
The billing office, however, may be located in amore central place for customer convenience, which can mean using less gas to get there. Reading Material Green Buildings
Try to orient the building for the best environmental fit, such as positioning the building to take advantage of the sun or leaving as much of the natural landscape, including tress and other plant life, as possible. Set the elevation of the building to minimize earthwork and balance the earth to be removed with the earth to be filled.
If there are any wetlands, do not disturb them. It takes many years for nature to make topsoil.
Save it；Don’ twasteit. Reading Material Green Buildings
Take into account all of the utilities that you may need to extend to the building, keeping distance to a minimum. Consider where entrance or exit roads a replaced.
And keep the road grade to a minimum. Take advantage of the prevailing wind direction for wind turbines.
Reading Material Green Buildings
The building itself can have many green options—from using recycled building material, to paints and finishes that have fewer (orno) chemicals, to heating and cooling the building, to using as much natural sunlight as possible. Reading Material Green Buildings
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