页数：63页文件大小：1.91 MB来源： 建筑工程专业英语ppt课件
本单元介绍施工设备的分类方式，重点按施工过程中的功能将设备划分为动力装置、拖拉机、装载与运输设备、材料加工设备等类别，并说明设备选型在重工与公路工程中的关键作用，阅读材料讨论施工设备的选用原则。
Unit 8 建筑设备（Building Facilities）
Classification of Construction Equipment The various types of construction equipment can be grouped in several ways for the sake of discussion. One way of classifying equipment is to group it by the function it performs in the construction process.
In this way, such dissimilar equipment as scrapers, front-end loaders, and belt conveyors can be classified as equipment that loads, carries, and dumps loose material. Another way of classifying equipment is by the construction operations in which it is used；for example, scrapers, doze rs, belt loaders, and off-the-road haulers are generally used in earth moving operations.
Text A Classification of Construction Equipment
Functional Classification of Equipment A functional classification of construction equipment includes (1) power units, (2) tractors, (3) loaders, haulers, and other kinds of material-handing equipment, and (4) many kinds of material-processing equipment. Text A Classification of Construction Equipment
•Internal combustion engines are used to drive most large, mobile earth moving machines, cranes, haulers, front-end loaders, graders, and soon. They are also the source of power for electric generators, air compressors, and hydraulic pumps.
Electric motors are used to operate some of the large, less mobile shovels and to drive belt conveyors. Compressed air is used to operate hand tools and pumps, and air compressors and steam boilers provide power to pile hammers.
Hydraulic power is used to drive the front-end operating machinery on cranes and excavators and the operating parts of scrapers such as the apron and the material eject or. Text A Classification of Construction Equipment
Fig 8.1 Internal Combustion Engine
Fig 8.2 Electric Generator
Fig 8.3 Hydraulic Pump
Fig 8.4 Air Compressor
Fig 8.5 Steam Boiler
Prime movers. Prime movers are another functional group of equipment; they make it possible for the machinery to operate.
Prime movers translate the output of power units into work. The term prime mover has been used to describe the power unit, the powertrain between the power unit and the driving wheels or gears, and the type of mounting of the equipment.
Text A Classification of Construction Equipment
•One form of prime mover is the crawl er-track or rubber-tired mounting that moves self-propelled equipment. For stationary equipment the prime moving parts maybe cables, chains, or belts driven by a power unit.
Or the prime mover maybe the energy of compressed air or hydraulic fluids moving in pipes or hoses. A more complete prime mover is needed to move equipment that is not self-propelled.
For instance, a crawl er or rubber-tired tractor shown in Fig 8.6is a prime mover that maybe used to to wa scraper, a wagon, a compactor, or a trailer for moving other equipment. Text A Classification of Construction Equipment
Fig 8.6. Crawl er Tractor
Excavating equipment. Another group of equipment is used to excavate rock and earth.
This group includes the several forms of tractor-mounted bulldozers shown in Fig 8.7—the straight blade, the universal blade, the angle blade and soon. A similar machines is the motor grader that shapes and grades the ground surface.
Either of these machines can be equipped to rip or scarify material to be excavated. Text A Classification of Construction Equipment
•Front-end loaders, power shovels, backhoes, drag lines, andclamshellsexcavateandloadrockandsoil. Elevating graders, belt excavators, trench ers, dredgers, and tunnel ers are more specialized machines that also perform this function.
Another type of equipment is used to install structural elements into or to remove material from the ground. Piledrivers, extractors, caisson hole drills, well drills and wagon drills are in this group.
Text A Classification of Construction Equipment
Fig 8.7 Bulldozer
Material-handling equipment. There are several groups of material-handling equipment that differ in what the equipment does with the material it handles.
Included in the category of material handling equipment are the various cranes—mobile cranes, tower cranes (Fig 8.8), and soon—that lift materials vertically or pick them up and move them short distances horizontally. Text A Classification of Construction Equipment
•More specialized machines of this sort are the lumber and pipe carriers. Another group of construction equipment is used to move loose or processed material such earth, sand, and wet concrete.
In general, this sort of equipment must be loaded by other equipment, but it can dump the loose material. This group includes belt, bucket, screw conveyors and haulers—dump-trucks and rear-and bottom-dump wagons.
Text A Classification of Construction Equipment
Fig 8.8 Tower Crane
Material processing equipment. Material processing equipment is used to produce graded aggregates from natural rock and gravel for base course material, graded fill, portland cement, bituminous concrete, and asphalt.
The aggregates and the cementitious and other ingredients are mixed in other material-processing equipment to make soil-cement, concrete, or bituminous paving materials. To process aggregates there are feeders (Fig 8.9), grizzlies, screens, andvariouskindsofcrushers—jaw, gyratory, roll, impact, and hammer mill.
For the mixing processes there are storage bins, cement silos, batch ers. Concrete mixers, pavers, and asphalt mixing plants.
Text A Classification of Construction Equipment
Fig 8.9 Feeder
Placing and finishing equipment. To place processed material in their final locations, another group of construction equipment is required.
These machines place the material uniformly and compactly to achieved the specified results. The equipment used to place and finish processed materials includes concrete spreaders (Fig 8.10) andscreeds, asphaltpavers, graders, and compactors.
Text A Classification of Construction Equipment
Fig 8.10 Concrete Spreader
说明：源文件音标采用专用字体编码，无法无损还原，此处保留单词、词性与中文释义。
1. Another way of classifying equipment is by the construction operations in which it is used; for example, scrapers, doze rs, belt loaders, and off-the-road haulers are generally used in earth moving operations.
另一种方式，是按照使用设备所进行的建筑工程来分类，例如，刮土机、推土机、带式传送机以及卷扬机通常用在大量掘土的工程中。the construction operations in which it is used 是指在其过程中使用设备的建筑工程。2. Prime movers are another functional group of equipment; they make it possible for the machinery to operate.
原动力装置是又一类按功能划分的设备，这类设备用来转动机器。make it possible 直译为“使某件事成为可能”。
3. Either of these machines can be equipped to rip or scarify material to be excavated.
这类机器都可以装配设备来对被挖掘的物料进行割裂或划切。either of 指机器中的任意一类。4. There are several groups of material-handling equipment that differ in what the equipment does with the material it handles.
有几类物料搬运设备，这些设备根据它们对物料所作的处理而有所不同。differ in 意思是在某方面有所不同，也就是指在设备对于物料的处理方面。
II. Translate the follows terms into Chinese.
建筑设备的分类为了便于讨论，可以用几种方式对各种建筑设备加以分类。其中一种是按照设备在建筑过程中发挥的功能来进行分类。按这种方式，像铲土机、前端式装载机以及带式传送机这些设备便可归为装载、运送和倾卸松散物料的设备类别中；另一种是按照使用设备所进行的建筑工程来分类，例如，刮土机、推土机、带式传送机以及卷扬机通常用在大量掘土的工程中。
按功能分类设备按功能分类的建筑设备包括动力设备，牵引车，装载机，卷扬机及其他物料装卸设备各种物料加工设备。
动力设备。建筑设备的动力源一般有内燃机、发电机、液压泵、空气压缩机及蒸汽锅炉，如图 8.1—8.5 所示。
•大多数大型可移动泥土挖掘机械、起重机、起吊机、前端式装载机、平土机等设备一般用内燃机作动力。发电机、空气压缩机和液压泵也用内燃机的作为动力源。电动机一般用以驱动大型的、不常移动的铲车和带式传送机。手用工具和泵一般用压缩空气作动力，而打桩机则用空气压缩机和蒸汽锅炉来提供动力。推土机和挖掘机上的前端式操作装置以及像护坦和物料抛掷器等刮土机的操作部件一般使用液压动力。
图 8.1 内燃机
图 8.2 发电机
图 8.3 液压泵
图 8.4 空气压缩机
图 8.5 蒸汽锅炉
原动力装置。原动力装置是又一类按功能划分的设备，这类设备用来转动机器。原动力装置将动力装置输出的能量转化为做功。原动力装置一词被用来指动力装置、动力装置与传动轮或齿轮之间的传动系统以及设备的装配类型。履带式或橡胶轮胎式装配便是一种原动力装配方式，这种装置用来推进机动式设备。对于固定不动的设备，其驱动装置可能是钢索、链条或传送带，由动力装置驱动。或者，由压缩空气或液压体在管筒中运动而产生的能量也可以作为原动力。对于一台非机动式设备，则需要有更完善的原动力装置来运转。例如，如图 8.6，履带式或橡胶轮胎式牵引机便是一种用来牵引刮土机、四轮货车、夯土机或拖车以移动其他设备的原动力装置。
图 8.6 履带式牵引机
挖掘设备。另一类是用来挖掘石子和泥土的设备。如图 8.7 所示，这类设备包括几种牵引式推土机——直铲、通用铲、角铲等等。电动平土机是一种类似的机器，它用来对地面做定型和平整。这类机器都可以装配设备来对被挖掘的物料进行割裂或划切。前端式装载机、电铲、反向铲、拉铲挖土机及挖泥机用来挖掘和装载石子与泥土。一些更为专业化的机器，如升降式平土机、履带式挖掘机、挖沟机、挖泥机和凿洞机，也用来执行这一功能。还有一类设备，用来将构件安装到地面或将物料从地面移走。
图 8.7 推土机
物料搬运设备。有几类物料搬运设备，这些设备根据他们对物料所作的处理而有所不同。此类设备包括各种吊车——移动吊车、塔吊等，如图 8.8 所示。用来上下垂直运送物料或抓吊物料进行短距离水平移动。此类设备中还有更为专业的机器，如木材搬运车和管道搬运车。另一种类型的建筑设备用来运送松散的或经过加工的物料，如泥土、沙石和塑性混凝土。通常，这类设备须由其他设备装载物料，但他们对松散物料可以自卸。此类设备包括履带式、翻斗式和螺旋式输送机和拖运车——自卸卡车和后卸车。
图 8.8 塔吊
物料加工设备。物料加工设备用来将天然的石子和沙砾加工成分级骨料，以在地基用料、分级填充、硅酸盐水泥、沥青混凝土和柏油中使用。骨料和胶结性及其他材料要在另外的物料加工设备中进行混合，制成水泥加固土、混凝土或沥青铺砌材料。如图 8.9 所示，加工骨料的机器有喂料机、格筛、滤网及各种破碎机——颚式破碎机、回转式破碎机、滚动式破碎机、碰撞式破碎机及锤式破碎机。在做混合处理时，还有漏斗箱、水泥筒仓、配料计量器、混凝土搅拌机、摊铺机和沥青搅拌装置。
图 8.9 喂料机
铺放设备和精整设备。要把加工好的物料铺放到最终位置，还需要另一类建筑设备。这些机器均匀、细密地对物料进行安放，以达到指定结果。用来铺放和精整加工好的物料的设备包括混凝土摊铺机、砂浆、沥青摊铺机、平整机和夯实机，如图 8.10 所示。
图 8.10 混凝土摊铺机
Choosing Construction Equipment Equipment is a vital factor in construction, particularly in the heavy and highway segments of the construction industry where it maybe the largest long-term capital investment of many companies. Heavy, highway, and utilities jobs may have relatively large quantities of excavation, grading, embankment construction, aggregate production, and mass concrete construction, which all require large, heavy and very expensive pieces of equipment.
Reading Material Choosing Construction Equipment
•Financial planning in construction companies focuses on decisions relating purchasing, leasing, depreciating, maintaining, repairing, and replacing equipment. The choice of construction equipment determines the method of doing the work, the time to compete the work and the cost of construction.
Reading Material Choosing Construction Equipment
The main objective of successful construction project management is to satisfy the requirements of the plans and specifications, within the time allowed by the contract documents, for the least possible cost. One of the keys to success is the control of the time, cost, and quality by the selection and use of the right equipment for the job.
Reading Material Choosing Construction Equipment
•In order to select equipment to perform the work for the least cost, the character and quantity of work to be performed and the production rates and costs of various kinds of equipment must be known. The character and quantity of the work are established by the contract documents and the condition and location of the job site.
The capabilities of construction machines are described in the equipment specifications；and the costs that must be considered are the costs of owning, leasing, or renting the equipment and the costs of operating, maintaining, and repairing it. Reading Material Choosing Construction Equipment
All construction equipment designed to handle or process material in one form or another. The material maybe rock, which must be loosened, loaded, hauled, dumped, crushed, screened, and washed to produce aggregate for paving materials or concrete.
Reading Material Choosing Construction Equipment
•It maybe undisturbed earth, which must be loosened, loaded, hauled, dumped, spread, shaped, and compacted to construct an embankment. It maybe cement, aggregate, water, and admixtures that must be stored, batched, mixed, transported, placed, finished, and cured to build a concrete structure.
It maybe water that must be removed from a construction site to permit work to be done in the dry. Or it maybe structural steel that must be hoisted to erect a building.
Different machines are required to perform each of these tasks, and the appropriate machine is determined by the job to be done. Reading Material Choosing Construction Equipment
Equipment manufacturers publish specifications that indicate the capabilities of their machines. Specifications provide the information needed to determine if equipment can do the work.
This information includes such things as the payloads of hauling units, the weights of pile hammers, the sizes of bulldozer blades, the digging depths of excavators, the tipping loads of front-end loaders, and the weights of compactors. Reading Material Choosing Construction Equipment
•Specifications also contain information needed to determine the production rates of the machines, including the travel speeds of trucks and tractors in various gears, the volumes of the drums of concrete mixers, and the capacities of pumps and belt conveyors. Reading Material Choosing Construction Equipment
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