页数：53页文件大小：2.91 MB来源： 建筑工程专业英语ppt课件
本单元区分建筑的结构部分与非结构部分，介绍框架结构与承重墙结构两大类建筑结构形式的受力特点与适用材料，并配合图示说明楼板、墙体等构件如何承担自重与外部荷载，阅读材料聚焦地下建筑与覆土住宅。
Unit 7 建筑结构（Builing Strutures）
Structural Types of Building The part of the building that holds up the weight and load is called the structural part. Parts, such as windows, that do not holdup the building are the non-structural parts.
Buildings fall into two very broad structural types because of the different ways that buildings are made to holdup weight. These types areas follow: Text A Structural Types of Building
1. The frame structure (Fig 7.1and Fig 7.2), where are frame, or skeleton, holds up the weight and other materials are used to close the building up. Frame structures can be made of wood, materials such us concrete
Structural Types of Building Fig 7.1 Frame StructureⅠ
Structural Types of Building Fig 7.2 Frame StructureⅡ
2. Mass wall types (Fig 7.3), where solid materials such as concrete, brick and other types of masonry are used to build heavy walls that holdup the building. This type can be made of brick, stone, and separate concrete and monolithic concrete parts
Structural Types of Building Fig 7.3 Mass Wall Building—Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris
Frame Structural Types Frame structures are built more than mass wall building. Making a frame building in its broadest sense is simply making a frame that holds up the roof and the walls.
The walls are added to the frame and do not act as load-bearing, or supporting, parts. The floors are suspended between the frame parts.
In this manner the frame building has a foundation and the frame to holdup all the other parts of the building. Frame building range from small tool sheds to giant skyscrapers.
Homes, schools, and factories mayall be made with frames. The types of materials used to make the frames for buildings include wood, steel, aluminum, and concrete.
Other types of materials may also be used under special conditions. Building frames often have parts made of two or more types of materials such us wood and aluminum, mixed together.
Text A Structural Types of Building
Mass Wall Types Many buildings are made without frames. The walls of these buildings are made of some strong substance such as concrete, brick, or stone.
The walls must be strong and solid to support the loads of the floors and the roof. Mass wall are very strong and durable.
Walls made of brick or mud have lasted for hundreds and even thousands of years. Ancient mass wall buildings include the Pyramids of Egypt, the Coliseum of Rome, Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, and the cliff dwellings of the ancient Indians of the southwestern United States.
Text A Structural Types of Building
However, walls made in this manner costa lot in terms of both material and work. They take longer to build and not as comfortable to live in, unless special care is taken to insulate the insides of the walls.
Mass walls were used to build the cold stone castles that knights lived in. These have been known for centuries as cold drafty places.
The knights used to hang large rugs on the walls to make rooms warmer. Text A Structural Types of Building
In modern times, however, changes have been made. Although walls are still sometimes made from solid stone, other ways are used more often.
Concrete blocks are used to make walls because they are easy to handle and are lighter in weight than stone. The concrete blocks are then veneered with brick or stone for beauty.
Text A Structural Types of Building
Concrete is also widely used for modern mass walls. All of the openings for windows and doors are made when the wallis poured.
Text A Structural Types of Building
Mass walls of today are cold, just as castle walls were hundreds of years ago. Today, however, people need not hang rugs over the walls to be warm.
Furring strips are put on the inside of the wall. Insulation is placed between the strips and covered with san in sidewall of panels or drywall.
The insulation makes a much better way of keeping a room warm than just hanging a rug over the stone. Text A Structural Types of Building
说明：源文件音标采用专用字体编码，无法无损还原，此处保留单词、词性与中文释义。
1. Buildings fall into two very broad structural types because of the different ways that buildings are made to holdup weight.
that 引导是定语从句，修饰 ways, that 为关系副词，其作用相当于 in which, 在从句中做状语。2. Making a frame building in its broadest sense is simply making a frame that holds up the roof and the walls.
第一个动名词短语 Making......，在句子中做主语；第二个动名词短语 making......，在句子中做表语。in its broadest sense：从最广泛意义上说。
3. In this manner the frame building has a foundation and the frame to holdup all the other parts of the building.
to holdup all the other parts of the building 为动词不定式做后置定语，修饰 a foundation and the frame。4.... just as castle walls were hundreds of years ago.
were 后面省略了 cold 一词。
II. Translate the follows terms into Chinese.
建筑结构类型建筑中承受重量和荷载的部分称之为建筑结构部分，而不承载建筑物重量的部分如窗户等为非结构部分。由于建筑物支撑重量的方式不同，它们可分为两大结构类型：
图 7.1 框架结构Ⅰ
图 7.2 框架结构Ⅱ
第二，实体墙类型，如图 7.3 所示。混凝土、砖头和其它砌石等坚实的材料用于建造支撑建筑物的厚壁墙，这种类型的墙由砖头、石块、单一混凝土和整体浇灌混凝土建成。
图 7.3 实体墙建筑——巴黎圣母院
框架结构类型框架结构建筑物比实体墙建筑物的建造更多。从最广泛意义上说，框架建筑物的建造仅仅是建造一个支撑屋顶和墙体的框架。墙体附加在框架上，不起承重或支撑的作用，楼板悬垂于框架间。这样，框架建筑物就有了支撑其它所有部分的基础和框架。框架建筑物涵盖范围极广，小到工具棚，大到摩天大楼。住房、学校和工厂可能都是框架结构，用于建造框架的材料有木材、钢材、铝材和混凝土，在其它特殊条件下也可使用其它类型的材料。建筑物框架有些部分通常又两种或多种材料如木材、铝材，木、铝混合型材等建造而成。
实体墙类型许多没有框架的建筑物，其墙壁由非常坚固的材料如混凝土、砖头或石料砌成。墙体必须坚固结实以支撑楼板和屋顶的荷重。实体墙非常坚固耐用，有些用砖或泥砌成的墙已有几百年、甚至几千年的历史。古代实体墙建筑有埃及金字塔、罗马斗兽场、巴黎圣母院和美国西南部印第安人岩屋。
尽管如此，就材料和工程而言，以这种方式砌成的墙花费颇多，不仅费时，而且居住并不舒适，除非特别注意墙内部的隔热。实体墙过去用来建造骑士居住的冰冷城堡，几世纪来这类建筑一直被称为冒冷风之地，过去，骑士们经常把壁毯挂在墙上以使房间暖和些。
不管怎样，现代已发生了很多变化。尽管有时墙壁还用坚固的石料砌成，但其它方法用得更多一些。混凝土砌块用来砌墙，因为它们易于处理，重量也比石料轻。混凝土砌块表面还可以镶嵌砖片或石片以示美观。
混凝土也被广泛用来砌现代的实体墙，浇筑墙体时, 会留出所有门、窗的开口。如今的实体墙不像几百年前的城堡墙那么冰冷。无论如何，今天的人们无需在墙壁上挂壁毯取暖了。墙壁内部可放置钉罩面板的木条，在木条间可放置隔热材料，并在护墙板或清水墙内的隔热材料上撒上一层苯乙烯。比起在石墙上挂壁毯，隔热是保持屋内暖和的更好方法。
Underground Construction Underground construction Underground construction has been around for thousands of years, mostly developed through mining and more recently through transport, housing and commercial industries. The Channel Tunnel, London Underground, British Library, and various shopping canters are all examples of underground construction.
Underground housing (sometimes called earth sheltered housing) refers specifically to homes that have been built underground, either partially or completely. These subterranean homes have grown increasingly popular over the last thirty years and are an important sector in the green building movement.
Reading Material Underground Construction
Thousands of people in Europe and America live in underground homes. In Russia there is more development below the ground than above it.
Countries like Japan and China, where development space is at a premium, are particularly keen to build underground living places. In the UK, the movement is much slower, with less than a hundred underground homes in existence.
This is partly due to a misinformed belief that underground homes are dirty, damp, dark, claustrophobic and unstable places to live. But it is also due to a lack of guidance and information about building regulations and specifications, and a lack of knowledge about their potential as a sustainable building practice.
Reading Material Underground Construction
Underground Dwelling Design To a certain extent the design of an underground home is determined by the conditions of the site. Soil type, topography, precipitation, groundwater levels, load-bearing properties, and slope stability all need to be carefully considered.
Construction materials need to be waterproof, durable and strong enough to withstand underground pressure (concrete is frequently used). Water is a particular consideration in underground building, and special drainage techniques may need to be implemented around the site, particularly along the roof areas.
Reading Material Underground Construction
There are several methods of building for subterranean living: Constructed Caves-made by tunneling into the earth. Although popular around the world, this can bean expensive and dangerous procedure.
Cut and Cover-also called culvert homes, these are made by assembling precast concrete pipes and containers into the required design of the living space, and then burying them in the ground. Reading Material Underground Construction
Earth Berm-house is first built on flat land or a small hill, and then buried, leaving a wall or roof open for light. Elevation al-house is built into the side of a hill with the front of the home left open.
Atrium-also called courtyard homes, the rooms are built below the ground around a sunken garden or courtyard that lets light in. Reading Material Underground Construction
PSP-stands for post, shoring and polyethylene. House is built by excavating the ground, sinking in posts, placing shoring (boards) between the posts and the earth, and placing polyethylene plastic sheets (for waterproofing) behind the shoring.
Shaft-an ambitious project in Japan called Alice City plans the construction of a wide and deep cylindrical shaft sunk into the earth with a domed skylight covering, and different levels for business and domestic use built around the shaft. All underground homes need well-designed ventilation systems to control indoor air quality and humidity.
Natural daylight design using light atriums, shafts and wells can also be used to improve the quality of underground living. Reading Material Underground Construction
Advantages of Building Underground Underground houses have many advantages over conventional housing. Unlike conventional homes, they can be built on steep surfaces and can maximize space in small areas by going below the ground.
In addition, the materials excavated in construction can be used in the building process. Reading Material Underground Construction
Underground houses have less surface area so fewer building materials are used, and maintenance costs are lower. They are also wind, fire and earthquake resistant, providing a secure and safe environment in extreme weather.
Reading Material Underground Construction
One of the greatest benefits of underground living is energy efficiency. The earth's subsurface temperature remains stable, so underground dwellings benefit from geothermal mass and heat exchange, staying cool in the summer and warm in the winter.
This saves around80%in energy costs. By incorporating solar design this energy bill can be reduced to zero, providing hot water and heat to the home all year round.
An additional benefit of the surrounding earth is noise insulation. Underground homes are exceptionally quiet places to live.
Reading Material Underground Construction
Finally, underground houses blend with the natural landscape, and have minimum impact on the local ecology. This is not only aesthetically pleasing but ensures that the maximum habitat is left alone for wildlife.
Reading Material Underground Construction
Designing Down for a Sustainable Future Underground construction is not a new industry, but it is often overlooked as a design strategy for sustainable building. Awell-designed underground home can be a stylish, comfortable, secure, bright and inspiring place to live.
More than that，it is an excellent example of the eco-home ideal, demonstrating energy efficiency, low-impact design and harmony with its natural surroundings. With the increasing demand for more development sites and ever-diminishing green spaces, along with the enforcement of stricter regulations for greener homes, building underground seems the obvious way down.
Reading Material Underground Construction
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