页数：55页文件大小：2.10 MB来源： 建筑工程专业英语ppt课件
本单元以混凝土为核心讲解建筑结构材料：从其在世界范围内的广泛应用入手，说明混凝土与钢材两类常用结构材料的受力特点、配合比设计与性能差异，阅读材料介绍砖的制造工艺及其在建筑中的使用。
Unit 4 建筑材料（Building Material）
Concrete as a Structural Material Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world, and its popularity can be attributed to two aspects. First, concrete is used for many different structures, such as dams, pavements, building frames, or bridges, much more than any other construction material.
Second, the amount of concrete used is much more than any other material. Its worldwide production exceeds that of steel by a factor of10in tonnage and by more than a factor of30in volume.
Text A Concrete as a Structural Material
In a concrete structure, there are two commonly used structural materials: concrete and steel. A structural material is a material that carries not only its self-weight, but also the load passing from other members.
Text A Concrete as a Structural Material
Steel is manufactured under carefully controlled conditions, always in a highly sophisticated plant；the properties of every type of steel are determined in a laboratory and described in a manufacturer's certificate. Thus, the designer of a steel structure need only specify the steel complying with a relevant standard, and the constructor needs only to ensure that the correct steel is used and that connections between the individual steel members are properly executed.
Text A Concrete as a Structural Material
On the other hand, concrete is produced in a cruder way and its quality varies considerably. Even the quality of cement, the binder of concrete, is guaranteed by the manufacturer in a manner similar to that of steel；however, the quality of concrete is hardly guaranteed because of many other factors, such as aggregates, mixing procedures, and skills of the operators of concrete production, placement, and consolidation.
Text A Concrete as a Structural Material
It is possible to obtain concrete of specified quality from a ready-mix supplier, but, even in this case, it is only the raw materials that are bought for a construction job. Transporting, placing, and, above all, compacting greatly influence the quality of cast concrete structure.
Moreover, unlike the case of steel, the choice of concrete mixes is virtually infinite and therefore the selection has to be made with a sound knowledge of the properties and behavior of concrete. It is thus the competence of the designer and specifier that determines the potential qualities of concrete, and the competence of the supplier and the contractor that controls the actual quality of concrete in the finished structure.
It follows that they must be thoroughly conversant with the properties of concrete and with concrete making and placing. Text A Concrete as a Structural Material
In a concrete structure, concretes mainly carry the compressive force and shear force, while the steel carries the tension force. Moreover, concrete usually provides stiffness for structures to keep them stable.
Text A Concrete as a Structural Material
Concretes have been widely used to build various structures. High-strength concrete has been used in many tall building constructions.
In HongKong, grade80concrete (80MPa) was utilized in the columns of the tallest building in the region. As shown in Figure 4.1, the88-story International Finance Centre was built in2003and stands415m (1362ft) tall.
Text A Concrete as a Structural Material
Fig. 4.1 International Finance Center, Hong Kong
Concrete has also been used in bridge construction. Figure 4.2shows the recently built Su tong Bridge that spans the Yangtze River in China between Nan tong and Chang shu, a satellite city of Su zhou, in Jiangsu province.
It is a cable-stayed bridge with the longest main span, 1088meters, in the world. Its two side spans are300m (984ft) each, and there are also four small cable spans.
Text A Concrete as a Structural Material
Fig. 4.2 The Su tong Bridge in Su zhou, Jiangsu, China
Fig. 4.3 Three Gorges Dam, Hubei, China
Concrete has also been used to build high-speed railways. Shinkansen, the world's first contemporary high-volume (initially12-car maximum), “high-speed rail,” was built in Japan in1964.
In Europe, high-speed rail was introduce during the International Transport Fair in Munich in June1965. Nowadays, high-speed rail construction is blooming in China.
According to planning, 17, 000km of high-speed rail will be built in China by2012. Figure 4.4shows a high-speed rail system in China.
Text A Concrete as a Structural Material
Fig. 4.4 High-speed rail
In addition, concrete has been widely applied in the construction of airport runways, tunnels, highways, pipelines, and oil platforms. As of now, the annual world consumption of concrete has reached a value such that if concrete were edible, every person on earth would have2000kg per year to “eat.” You may wonder why concrete has become so popular.
Text A Concrete as a Structural Material
说明：源文件音标采用专用字体编码，无法无损还原，此处保留单词、词性与中文释义。
1. Its worldwide production exceeds that of steel by a factor of10in tonnage and by more than a factor of30in volume.
全世界混泥土的生产吨位是钢材的 10 倍，体积是钢材的 30 多倍。句中 by a factor of 是“以…倍（增加或减少）”的意思。2. 香港国际金融中心（简称国金；英文：International Finance Centre，IFC）是香港作为世界级金融中心的著名地标，位于香港岛中环金融街 8 号，面向维多利亚港。由著名美籍建筑师 César Pell i 及香港建筑师严迅奇合作设计而成，总楼面面积达 43 万 6 千平方米。
II. Translate the follows terms into Chinese.
混凝土：一种结构材料混凝土是世界上使用最广泛的建筑材料，它受欢迎的原因可归结为两个方面：第一，混凝土可用于多种不同的建筑结构，诸如水坝、路面、建筑框架或桥梁，要比其它任何建筑材料用得多；第二，混凝土的使用量超过了其它任何材料。全世界混凝土的生产吨位是钢材的 10 倍，体积是钢材的 30 多倍。
在混凝土结构中，混凝土和钢材是两种常用的结构材料。所谓的结构材料是指既能承受自身重量还能承担其它荷载的材料。钢材通常是在设备尖端的工厂生产的，条件受到严格控制。每一种钢材的特性要在实验室中进行测定，并要在生产商的许可证书上加以描述。因此，钢材结构设计师需依据相关的标准对钢材进行详细说明，建造商要确保钢材的正确使用和钢材与钢材间的恰当连接。
另一方面，混凝土的生产方式较为粗糙，其质量也大相径庭。水泥和混凝土黏合剂的质量甚至由制造商保证，其方法和钢材的类似。尽管如此，由于多种因素，诸如骨料、混合程序、操作者的技巧，存放和坚固性能等的影响，混凝土的质量是很难确保的。
从预拌混凝土供应商手中购买特定质量的混凝土有一定的可能，但在这种情况下，这仅仅是买来用于施工的原材料。运输、存放，尤其是压塑会大大影响现浇水泥结构的质量。此外，混凝土不像钢材，其混合物的选择实际上没有限制，因此，需对混凝土的特性和行为了无指掌才能做出相应的选择。设计师兼规定者的能力决定混凝土的潜在质量，供应商和承包商的能力控制成品结构中混凝土的实际质量，所以，他们必须精通混凝土的特性、制造和放置方法。
在混凝土结构中，混凝土主要承载挤压力和剪切力，而钢材承担张力。另外，混凝土用来固定建筑物结构以保持其稳固。各种结构中都在广泛使用混凝土，高强混凝土已被用在许多高层建筑物的建造中。在香港，80 级混凝土（80MPa）被用于浇注最高建筑物的柱子，如图 4.1 所示，这是修建于 2003 年的香港国际金融中心，共 88 层，高 415 米（1362 英尺）。
图 4.1 香港国际金融中心
混凝土也可用于桥梁建设。图 4.2 为最近建造的苏通大桥，横跨中国长江，连接南通和常熟（江苏省苏州市的卫星市）两市，跨径为 1088 米，是目前世界上跨径最大的斜拉桥，两侧跨径各为 300 米（984 英尺），并有四个小斜拉索跨径
图 4.2 中国江苏苏通大桥
水坝也是混凝土备受欢迎的另一应用领域。修建于 20 世纪 30 年代的胡弗水坝和库里大水坝是最早的两大混凝土水坝，他们至今巍然屹立在那。世界上最大的水坝是中国湖北省的三峡大坝，如图 4.3 所示。大坝混凝土用量超过了 22 百万立方米。
图 4.3 中国湖北三峡大坝
图 4.4 高速铁路
混凝土也可用于修建高速铁路。世界上第一条现代化高容量(最初火车车厢多达 12 节)高铁是 1964 年日本修建的新干线。在欧洲，1965 年慕尼黑国际交通运输博览会上介绍了高铁。如今，中国高铁的修建如火如荼，按计划，到 2012 年中国将建成 17，000 公里的高铁，图 4.4 为中国高速铁路系统。
此外，混凝土还被广泛用于修建机场跑道，隧道，高速公路，管道和石油平台。到目前为止，每年全世界混凝土的消费量达到这样一个数值，如果混凝土可食，地球上的每一个人每年要吃掉 2000 公斤。你也许会惊异混凝土为什么这么受欢迎。
Brick Manufacture and Use in Construction Brick Manufacture and Use in Construction Bricks are blocks of clay that have been hardened through being fired in a kiln or dried in the sun. Overtime, kiln-fired bricks have grown more popular than sun-dried bricks, although both are still found worldwide.
Bricks have been in continual use for around5000years, and brick work from this time still stands in the Middle East, a testament to its durability.
Brick Manufacture and Use in Construction The Roman Legions first brought bricks to Britain, using mobile kilns to construct roads, aqueducts and buildings across the country. Bricks were especially favored in the18thand19th Centuries, although their use has declined over the last50years due to the increased availability of cement and concrete.
Brick Manufacture and Use in Construction Manufacture of Bricks In the past, bricks came in many different shapes and sizes, but today's modern bricks tend to be a standard size of around8"x4"x2". They demonstrate a wide variety of textures, colors and finishes from yellows, reds and purples, to smooth, rough and rustic.
These are due to the mineral variations found in the clay, and the method of manufacturing.
Brick Manufacture and Use in Construction Bricks are traditionally manufactured by mixing clay with enough water to form a mud that is then poured into a mould of the desired shape and size, and hardened through fire or sun. Adobe bricks, very fashionable in parts of the USA, are still made in this way with a mixture of clay and's and (and sometimes manure and straw) being poured into a form, and then removed and dried in stacks outside in the sun.
Brick Manufacture and Use in Construction Compressed Earth Blocks (CEBs) were developed in the1950sandaresimilartoadobebricks, except they are more compact and uniform. They are manufactured from soil that is more's and than clay, and compressed using a manual or motorized machine to produce a variety of block shapes, including hollow designs for insulation.
CEBsarehighlyenergyefficientusingupto15times less energy than a fired brick. They are durable, ecological, inexpensive, and utilize low technology.
For this reason they are increasingly used in developing countries as a sustainable building technology.
Brick Manufacture and Use in Construction Modern methods of brick manufacture are highly mechanized and automated procedures whereby clay is extruded in a continuous column, wire cut into bricks, and hydraulically pressed to ensure resistance to weathering. The bricks are then dried and slow fired at around1000-1200°C.
In more recent times, recycled glass and other waste materials have been introduced into this process. These materials have been found to reduce firing times, temperatures and toxic emissions, improve brick strength and durability, and reduce waste going to landfill.
Brick Manufacture and Use in Construction BrickLaying Bricks are laid flat in rows called courses, exposing either their sides (stretcher) or ends (header). The pattern of overlap created by the course is called a bond.
There are several different kinds of bonds, including Stretcher (most common), Herringbone, English, Basket and Flemish. With all bonds, the vertical joints between each course of bricks must not lineup or the structure will be weakened.
Brick Manufacture and Use in Construction Bricks are usually held together by mortar, though some bricks such as CEB's can be dry stacked. Mortarconsistsofsand, a binding agent (traditionally lime but these days more often cement) and water, which is then mixed to a thick paste.
It is applied to a brick, which is then placed on to another brick and allowed to dry. Pointing refers to the visible edge of the mortar between the bricks, which is finished with a special trowel to provide a decorative look to the brick work.
Brick Manufacture and Use in Construction When building a structure, abed of mortar is laid on top of the foundation, and the structure's ends are built up first. A string is then stretched between these ends to ensure each row of bricks stays level.
Two layers of brick are used to create a stronger structure, with a gap left in between for insulation purposes. A wide range of structures including arches can be built using bricks.
Brick Manufacture and Use in Construction Bricks as a Sustainable Building Material Bricks area versatile and durable building and construction material, with good load-bearing properties, high thermal mass and potential low energy impact. In the case of simple earth bricks such as adobe and CEB s, they measure high on the sustainability index, being made from locally available (and abundant) materials of clay, sand, and water, using low technology compression equipment, solar energy or kilns.
While modern methods of brick construction have a much lower sustainability index, the UK brick industry has developed a strategy to minimize its environmental impact and increase its energy efficiency and use of renewable energies. Overall, bricks area good example of a sustainable building practice and are currently gaining in popularity around the world.
下载地址：{{downurl}}
{{{a}}}
{{#b}}{{{b}}}
{{/b}} {{/title}} {{#nolog}}登陆注册
{{/nolog}} {{#djsx}}点我刷新
{{/djsx}} {{#gocz}} {{/gocz}} {{#ffqr}} {{/ffqr}}