页数：48页文件大小：1.80 MB来源： 建筑工程专业英语ppt课件
本单元说明施工测量的定义与目的：施工测量是为实现场地上的建筑物而进行的测量作业，既需要平面图式的水平描述，也需要借助断面完成竖向描述，并给出实测图纸与测量报告在改建、扩建工程中的作用。
Unit 5 施工测量（Construction Surveying）
What “Construction Surveying” is about “To construct” means “to built” or “to put together”. The purpose of construction surveying is to carryout surveying measurements required for the realization of a construction on a site.
Such a construction might be a road, a school, a canal, a storage dam, or the like. What has to be ‘surveyed’, and how the required measurements must be accomplished, depends on both the construction and the site.
Text AWhat “Construction Surveying” is about
Fig. 5.1 Site Map Fig. 5.2 Sectional View
Surveying Procedures When it comes to surveying activities within the framework of realizing a construction, three steps must be clearly discerned: Firstly, preparing for the construction involves horizontal and vertical geometric description by means of surveying measurements. This procedure is generally called ‘mapping because the description is often provided by way of a site map.
The initial result of a site survey, however, is a field sketch, not yet a site map. Text AWhat “Construction Surveying” is about
Secondly, A site map has to be produced from the field sketch. A site map provides the basis for designing the layout of a construction with respect to the site.
However, if dimensions are actually to be determined during and not in advance of construction, then the intermediate step of a site map is not needed. Finally, A construction layout is always to be set out on the site with its true dimensions and in the right position.
The procedure called ‘setting out is also known as ‘staking out’. It requires the same measurement techniques as used for mapping a site.
Text AWhat “Construction Surveying” is about
Construction Methods Man-made constructions have been successfully built all over the world for millennia. Examples are bridges, irrigation systems, bench terraces, dams for water retention and kinds of buildings.
Though in a distant past surveying measurements were not required to build them, such structures still needed to be properly dimension ed. This could be achieved by following a construction method best described as ‘dimension ed during construction’.
However, when a construction is to be realized according to some design, them ‘built as designed is the construction method to be followed. Text AWhat “Construction Surveying” is about
Surveying measurements are required to properly set out the designed layout. The great pyramids in Egypt shown in Fig 5.3were constructed ‘as designed's ever al millennia ago.
Extinct Indian cultures in the Middle and South Americas realized impressive constructions also. By modern standards the surveying techniques applied here were very simple, despite the size and complexity of these historic constructions.
Simplicity of surveying technology also characterized the construction techniques of the industrious Romans. A great number of their constructions still stand all over Southern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (Fig 5.4).
Text AWhat “Construction Surveying” is about
Fig. 5.3 Pyramids in Egypt
Fig. 5.4 the Colosseum of Rome
Drawing or Sketching a Planned Construction Amap implicitly reveals dimensions, because dimensions are contained in the graph itself. These are the sign sonam a preferring to real world dimensions shown in Fig.
5.5. a numerical scale ratio (for instance1: 500) a graphical scale bara grid of evenly spaced squares Text AWhat “Construction Surveying” is about
Fig. 5.5 a Numerical Scale Ratio、a Graphical Scale Bar、a Grid of Evenly Spaced Squares
This is different from a construction drawing. In a construction drawing, all relevant measures and dimensions must be explicitly registered in numerical form.
Text AWhat “Construction Surveying” is about
The reason why a construction drawing explicitly and numerically provides all relevant dimensions is for reliability, because the drawing will be used in building the construction. Parts of the construction will be fabricated separately.
When assembled onsite, all parts must fit. Dimensional accuracy needs to be to a few centimeters, or even millimeters.
It would be very difficult to achieve this accuracy if trying to derive dimensions of parts by calculation from measurements on a drawing made using an ordinary ruler. This would be not only be inconvenient and cumbersome but, more importantly, unreliable.
The use of a ruler is too crude. Deriving dimensions in this way is prone to errors, both in the measurements themselves and in the calculation of the true dimensions drawn from them.
Text AWhat “Construction Surveying” is about
说明：源文件音标采用专用字体编码，无法无损还原，此处保留单词、词性与中文释义。
1. What has to be ‘surveyed’, and how the required measurements must be accomplished, depends on both the construction and the site.
测量内容以及测量方法则取决于建筑物和建设场地两个方面。句中 What has to be “surveyed”指测量内容。2. preparing for the construction involves horizontal and vertical geometric description by means of surveying measurements.
施工的准备工作涉及到利用测量数据所进行的平面和高程意义上的几何描述。by means of: 用某办法；借助于某事物。
3. Extinct Indian cultures in the Middle and South Americas realized impressive constructions also.
已消亡的中美洲和南美洲的印第安文化中也有这样不凡的建筑。cultures：此处为可数名词，特指体现在文艺等方面的智力表现的形式，如 She has studied the cultures of Oriental countries. 她研究过东方各国的文化。4.
The reason why a construction drawing explicitly and numerically provides all relevant dimensions is for reliability, because the drawing will be used in building the construction. 施工图之所以要清楚地以数字标示所有相关的尺寸在于它的可靠性，因为在建筑施工过程中要用施工图。
4. In the distant past, what method was to be followed in order to dimension a structure?
A method best described as ‘dimension ed during construction’.5. When a construction is to be realized according to some design, what construction methodist obe followed?
The construction method of ‘built as designed’.6. What are the signs used in a map referring to a real world dimensions?
They are a numerical scale ratio, a graphical scale bar, and a grid of evenly spaced squares.
II. Translate the follows terms into Chinese.
图 5.1 平面图图 5.2 断面图
测量流程当涉及到工程施工的测量时，必须要搞清楚三个步骤：首先，施工的准备工作涉及到利用测量数据所进行的平面和高程意义上的几何描述。这一步骤一般称作“制图”，因为这种描述通常是通过施工图来实现的。但施工场地测量的最初结果只是一个地形图，并非施工图。
其次，施工图必须根据地形图来进行绘制。它为工地的施工布局提供设计基础。然而，如果尺寸大小实际上是在施工过程中，而不是提前确定的，工地图的中间步骤也就可以省去了。最后，施工布局通常要根据其实际尺寸和正确的位置标定在实地。这一过程叫做“放线”，又叫“放样”。它需要用于测绘工地的相同测量技术。
工程施工方法几千年来，构筑物已经被成功地建造在世界各地，如桥梁、水利灌溉设施、水平梯田、蓄水坝等。虽然在古代，兴修此类建筑并不需要测量数据，但这些建筑结构也需要合理的尺寸。这种施工用的是一种叫做“边建边量”的方法。但如果要根据设计来进行施工的话，就要采用“按设计施工”的方法。
测量数据要能正确地反映设计布局。几千年前的金字塔就是“按设计”修建的，如图 5.3 所示。印第安文化中也有这样不凡的建筑。按照现代标准，这些历史建筑虽然规模宏大、机构复杂，但所使用的测量技术是很简单的。勤劳的罗马人的施工技术也是以测量技术简单为特点的。而他们的许多历史建筑仍旧屹立在南欧、中东和北非，如图 5.4 所示。
图 5.3 埃及金字塔
图 5.4 罗马斗兽场
为拟规划建筑绘制底图一张图间接地显示尺寸，因为尺寸包含在图表中。在绘图中这些标记标示了建筑物的实际尺寸，如图 5.5 所示。•数字比例尺（如：1：500）•图示比例尺•等距方格网
图 5.5 数字比例尺、图示比例尺、等距方格网
这个不同于施工图。施工图必须清楚地用数字标示出相关的尺寸大小。施工图之所以能清楚地以数字标示相关的尺寸大小在于它的可靠性。因为这种绘图将用在修建建筑物中，建筑物的各个部分将被逐个修建，被组合为整体结构时，所有部分必须相互协调。尺寸精度要求在几厘米甚至在几毫米。如果用普通的刻度尺绘制的图表计算各部分的尺寸，就很难达到要求的精度，这不仅不便计算和累赘，而且更为重要的是缺乏可信度。使用标尺太过粗略，用这种方法所得到的尺寸大小往往会有差错，而测量数据和真实尺寸的计算都来源于此。
The Purpose of the Survey There are several conditions under which a surveyor maybe required to surveyor examine a building and the first point to ascertain is the reason for which the advice is being sought. The following is a list of the most usual reasons: Reading Material The Purpose of the Survey
No doubt it would be readily understood that several of the surveys mentioned above would be carried out simultaneously. For instance, a surveyor is often asked to report on the condition of a property and at the sametime prepare a scheme for an extension or alterations.
The surveyor's report on the items to be examined will also vary with each building；Reading Material The Purpose of the Survey
●a lot will depend on whether or not the surveyor is being asked to report on the general condition of a building or examine specific defects. In certain cases the surveyor may consider it advisable to ask if there is any particular point which the client has noticed and which might be giving them reason for concern.
Initially, the client will almost certainly be worried by the question of structural stability and will wish to have the surveyor's advice on this matter as soon as possible. Reading Material The Purpose of the Survey
●On accepting instructions, the surveyor must therefore arrange a nearly date to examine the premises with this object in mind. Owners seldom realize that a building tenor more years of age is unlikely to be in perfect condition；even in quite small properties expenditure may have to be incurred in order to put the property in sound condition.
Reading Material The Purpose of the Survey
Reference to the early history of the building is often important. Very few owners can provide clear details about old buildings.
Local authorities or local builders can often produce the original plans, but it is well to remember that alterations were often carried out in the past without submitting plans to the authorities concerned, so any drawings produced should be checked carefully. It was also quite common for details to be altered at the time of building but not amended on the plans.
Reading Material The Purpose of the Survey
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