页数：54页文件大小：1.63 MB来源： 建筑工程专业英语ppt课件
本单元按施工顺序讲解建筑物的组成：地基、柱基、墙体与柱、楼面与屋面、门窗制作、楼梯电梯以及最后的精整装饰，并说明下部结构与上部结构的划分，阅读材料聚焦北京四合院的空间格局与文化内涵。
Unit 3 建筑构造（Building Components）
Components of a Building All buildings have the same components such as foundation, walls, floor sandro of. In addition, we have to decorate them with plaster, paint, etc, to make them aesthetically beautiful.
These items of building works are called civil works. Water and electricity have also to be supplied to the buildings to make them habitable.
These items are called building services. In this article, we will briefly examine the various components of civil works.
Text A Components of a Building
Components of a Building: Civil Works The important parts of an ordinary are show in Figures 3.1and 3.2. They are as follows: (1) Foundation (2) Plinth (3) Walls and columns (4) Floors (5) Lintels and chajjas (6) Roof (7) Doors and windows (8) Stairs and lifts (9) Finishing work (plastering and painting)(10) Building services (11) Fencing and external works Text A Components of a Building
A building can be divided into substructure (foundation) and superstructure, the plinth being the dividing line between them. In building construction, we study how the civil works are carried out the field after they have been planned by an architect and structurally designed by an engineer.
Text A Components of a Building
Components of a Building We should be aware that there are many aspects that are involved in the preliminary planning and design of building. For example, an architect specializes in the following works: 1.
Planning the orientation, layout and dimension of the rooms of the building 2. The preparation of the features to make the building attractive Work of this nature for small buildings maybe taken by non-architects also.
However, the construction of a building should always be carried out under the supervision of a qualified person. We will now briefly examine the construction of the different components of buildings.
Construction of Foundation Foundation is a very important part of a building. Foundation engineering is a special subject.
A foundation engineer should knowhow to examine the soil profile and arrive at a suitable foundation. The following are some of the different types of foundation generally used: (1) Strip foundation (shallow foundations)(2) Footing foundation (shallow foundations)(3) Raft foundation (shallow foundation)(4) Pile foundation (deep foundation)(5) Pier foundation (deep foundation) In framed construction, we use footings as the foundation for the column and the brick work for walls starts from grade beams connecting columns.(Grade beams on under reamed piles are also called capping beams.) Text A Components of a Building
Construction of Plinth Plinth is the dividing line between the substructure and superstructure. Thus, the projecting part of the wall above the ground level to a floor level is the plinth.
It is capped by abeam called plinth beam. The provision of a plinth beam and damp-proof course at plinth level are very important in building construction.
The plinth is usually kept atleast45cm (1.5ft) above the general ground level of the building. Text A Components of a Building
Construction of Walls and Columns Walls are mostly made of masonry. It maybe of brick, block work, stonework, etc.
Hence, a study of these different types of masonry is made under this head. Construction of different types of walls such as load bearing walls, partition walls, etc.
is also to be studied under this head. Buildings may also be constructed as a framed structure with columns and footings and then in filled.
Most of the flats and high-rise buildings are built this way. In many places in the masonry, weu searches and lintels.
Their study also forms part of masonry construction. Text A Components of a Building
Components of a Building Construction of Floors We have to study the details of the construction of the ground floors constructed on the ground as well as the top floors. These top floors are nowadays usually made of reinforced concrete.
A detailed study of concrete work, formwork and placing of steel reinforcement comes under this head. Different types of floor finishes for these floors are also to be studied.
Construction of Roof Roof is an important part of all buildings. The most important item in housing is to have a “roof over one's head”.
Depending on the finances available and also the climatic conditions, we can have different kinds of roofs. Roofs can be sloped or flat.
Many types of roofs and roofing materials are available nowadays. A study of these is absolutely essential for a building engineer.
Another important study is how to make the roofs waterproof heat-or weather-proof. Text A Components of a Building
Components of a Building Fabrication of Doors and Windows Openings are necessary in buildings for passages inside and outside the buildings. We also need the windows for lighting and ventilation.
A detailed study of doors and windows is an important part of building construction as the expenditure on this item alone can go up to15to20per sent of the total cost of the civil works. Traditionally doors and windows were made of woods and hence this work is sometimes referred to as woodwork in buildings.
Other wood works like provision of cupboards are also important but it comes under the subject of interior decoration.
Stairs and Lifts Nowadays most buildings are made more than one storey high. A knowledge of various elements of the staircase and the construction of simple staircase is essential to all those involved in building construction.
Study of the layout and design of ornamental staircases is a special subject. Usually vertical transportation devices like electric lifts are to be provided in buildings having more than four floors including the ground floor.
We must also be familiar with these devices. Text A Components of a Building
Components of a Building Building Finishes The final appearance of the building depends very much on its finishing. We have to deal with the following: (1) Plastering and pointing (2) Painting of walls, woodwork, grill work, etc.
It is essential that we have a knowledge of the finishing to be used on the various materials of construction such as plaster, wood, metals, etc.
说明：源文件音标采用专用字体编码，无法无损还原，此处保留单词、词性与中文释义。
1. A building can be divided into substructure (foundation) and superstructure, the plinth being the dividing line between them.
一座建筑物可以分为下部结构（地基）和上部结构，以柱基作为分界线。2. Thus, the projecting part of the wall above the ground level to a floor level is the plinth.
因此，地面以上至楼面的突出部分便是柱基。projecting 表示突出的。3. Hence, a study of these different types of masonry is made under this head.
因此，此处对不同类型的石砌工程予以研究。under this head 指在此标题下。
4. Depending on the finances available and also the climatic conditions, we can have different kinds of roofs.
根据建设资金以及气候条件等因素，会有不同类型的屋顶。5. A detailed study of doors and windows is an important part of building construction as the expenditure on this item alone cango up to 15 to 20 per sent of the total cost of the civil works.
民用建筑中，光门窗的建造费用就可达到建筑总费用的 12%-15%，因此对门窗的建造进行详细研究是非常重要的。as 表示原因，the expenditure on this item alone 光是在这方面的花费。
9. In housing, what is the most important item?
The most important item in housing is to have a “roof over one’ s head”.10. Are vertical transportation devices like electric lifts to be provided in buildings having more than six floors including the ground floor?
Text A Exercises Vertical transportation devices like electric lifts are to be provided in buildings having more than four floors including the ground floor.
II. Translate the follows terms into Chinese.
建筑物的构造所有建筑物都有如地基、墙体、地板和屋顶这些相同构造。此外，我们还须使用石膏、油漆等材料对房屋进行装修，使其美观，这些建筑工程项目就叫土建工程。建筑物还须配备水电以适于居住，此类项目称为屋宇设备。本文中，我们将简要考察土建工程的各个构造。
建筑物的构造：土建工程图 3.1 和 3.2 标示的是一般建筑物的重要构造，分别如下：（1）地基（2）柱基（3）墙体和柱体（4）地板（5）门楣和挑檐（6）屋顶（7）门和窗（8）楼梯和电梯（9）精整工程（10）屋宇设备（11）围栏和外部工程
一座建筑物可以分为下部结构（地基）和上部结构，以柱基作为分界线。在房屋建筑中，我们要研究的是，建筑工程在由建筑师完成平面设计并由工程师完成结构设计后，如何执行场地施工。
应当注意，在建筑物的最初规划和设计中会设计许多方面的问题，例如，某位建筑师专门从事下列工作：（1）规划建筑物房间的方位规划、布局和大小规格（2）创构突显建筑物魅力的特征在一些小型建筑中，此类性质的工作也可由非建筑师来完成。但是，建筑物的施工建造一定要在具有资质的人的监理下进行。我们将简要考查建筑物不同构件的建造。
地基的建造地基是建筑物非常重要的一个部分。地基工程是一个特殊的工程项目。地基工程师应当知道如何检测土层剖切面并达到适当的地基。下列是几类常见的地基：（1）条形地基（浅地基）（2）台阶式地基（浅地基）（3）板式地基（浅地基）（4）打桩地基（深地基）（5）墩式地基（深地基）在框架结构建筑中，我们用墩基作为支柱的地基和砖砌结构的地基，墙体从连接支柱的地基梁开始建造。（建在扩孔管道上的地基梁也叫柱顶梁）。
柱基的建造柱基是建筑物上下部结构的分界线。这样，地面以上至楼面的突出部分便是柱基。柱基被横梁封盖，这道横梁被称为基柱梁。在建筑物建造中，基柱梁的作用以及基柱的防潮构件是非常重要的。基柱至少要高于建筑物总体地面标高的 45cm （1.5ft）.
墙体和柱子的建造墙体大多数是石砌的，有可能是砖、预制块、石料等。因此，此处对不同类型的石砌工程予以研究，对像承重墙、间隔墙等不同类型的墙体的建造也予以研究。对建筑物也可先建成带有柱子和墩基的框架结构，然后再进行内填性建造。大多数公寓楼和高层建筑一般用这种方式建造。石砌工程中，我们在许多地方使用圆拱和门楣。他们的研究也构成了石砌工程的一部分。
楼面地板的建造对地面基层的建造细节和顶层的建造细节，我们都要进行研究。当今建筑的顶楼通常用钢筋混泥土建造。该部分将对混泥土工程、模板及加放强化钢条的详细情况进行研究。同时对不同楼层的地板装修也予以研究。
屋顶建造屋顶对于所有建筑物来说都是很重要一个部分。在住房中，最重要的一项内容便是“头上有个屋顶”。根据建设资金以及气候条件等因素，会有不同类型的屋顶。屋顶可以是平顶的，也可是斜顶的。当今的建筑物有着很多种类型的屋顶，也用到很多种材料。对于一名建筑工程师来说，这些方面的研究绝对是很重要的。另一项重要研究便是如何建造防水、防热和耐风雨的屋顶。
门窗的制作用以内外通行的开口的建造对于建筑物是不可或缺的。同时，我们还需要建造窗户以用来采光和通风。民用建筑中，光门窗的建造费用就可达到建筑总费用的 12%-15%，因此对门窗的建造进行详细研究是非常重要的。传统的门窗均为木制的，因此在建筑中，这项工作有时就是指木工活。其他像橱柜之类的木工活也很重要，但这些都属于内部装修的问题。
楼梯和电梯当今的大多数建筑物都是多层的。对楼梯的组成部分以及简捷楼梯的建造有一个认识，对于涉足建筑工程的人们是很有意义的。装饰性楼梯的布局和设计是一个特别的问题。通常，在包括基层在内超过四层的建筑中，都会提供像电梯这类垂直运送装置。对这些装置，我们也应当通晓。
楼梯和电梯当今的大多数建筑物都是多层的。对楼梯的组成部分以及简捷楼梯的建造有一个认识，对于涉足建筑工程的人们是很有意义的。装饰性楼梯的布局和设计是一个特别的问题。通常，在包括基层在内超过四层的建筑中，都会提供像电梯这类垂直运送装置。对这些装置，我们也应当通晓。
建筑物的精整建筑物的最后外观很大程度上取决于精整装饰。一般需要处理下列事项：（1）灰涂和勾缝（2）墙面上漆、木工、打格等。了解建筑物精整中所使用的各种材料是很重要的，比如石膏、木料、金属等。
Beijing siheyuan Beijing siheyuan A siheyuan (Fig. 3.3) is a historical type of residence that was commonly found throughout China, most famously in Beijing.
In English, siheyuan are sometimes referred to as Chinese quadrangles. The name literally means a courtyard surrounded by four buildings.
Throughout Chinese history, the siheyuan composition was the basic pattern used for residences, palaces, temples, monasteries, family, businesses and government offices. In ancient times, a spacious siheyuan would be occupied by a single, usually large and extended family, signifying wealth and prosperity.
Beijing siheyuan Fig. 3.3 Beijing siheyuan
The four buildings of a siheyuan are normally positioned along the north-south and east-west axes. The building positioned to the north and facing the south is considered the main house.
The buildings adjoining the main house and facing east and west are called side houses. The northern, eastern and western buildings are connected by beautifully decorated pathways.
These passages serve as shelters from the sunshine during the day, and provide a cool place to appreciate the view of the courtyard at night. The building that faces north is known as the opposite house.
Behind the northern building, there would often be a separate backside building, the only place where two-story buildings are allowed to be constructed for the traditional siheyuan. Reading Material Beijing siheyuan
The entrance gate (Fig. 3.4), usually painted vermilion and with copper door knockers on it, is usually at the southeastern corner. Normally, there is a screen wall inside the gate, for privacy; superstition holds that it also protects the house from evil spirits. A pair of stone lions is often placed outside the gate. Some large siheyuan compounds would have two or more layers of courtyards and even private gardens attached to them. Such is a sign of wealth and status in ancient times. Reading Material Beijing siheyuan
The courtyard dwellings were built according to the traditional concepts of the five elements that were believed to compose the universe, and the eight diagrams of divination. The gate was made at the southeast corner which was the “wind"corner, and the main house was built on the northside which was believed to belong to “water"—an element to prevent fire.
Reading Material Beijing siheyuan
Beijing siheyuan Fig. 3.4 The entrance gate of a Beijing siheyuan
The layout of a simple courtyard represents traditional Chinese morality and Confucian ethics. In Beijing, four buildings in a single courtyard receive different amounts of sunlight.
The northern main building receives the most, thus serving as the living room and bedroom of the owner or head of the family. The eastern and western side buildings receive less, and serve as the rooms for children or less important members of the family.
The southern building receives the least sunlight, and usually functions as a reception room and the servants ' dwelling, or where the family would gather to relax, eat or study. The backside building is for unmarried daughters and female servants: because unmarried girls were not allowed direct exposure to the public, they occupied the most secluded building in the siheyuan.
Reading Material Beijing siheyuan
A more detailed and further stratified Confucian order was followed in ancient China. The main house in the north was assigned to the eldest member of the family, i.
e. the head of the family, usually grandparents.
If the main house had enough rooms, a central room would serve as a shrine for ancestral worship. When the head of the household had concubines, the wife would reside in the room to the eastern end of the main house, while the concubines would reside in the room to the western end of the main house.
The eldest son of the family and his wife would reside in the western side house, while the younger son and his wife would reside in the eastern side house. If a grandson was fully grown, he would reside in the opposite house in the south.
Unmarried daughters would always reside in the backside building behind the main house. Reading Material Beijing siheyuan
Though from antiquity, a siheyuan is a practically sound, engineered structure. Northwestern walls are usually higher than the other walls to protect the inside buildings from the harsh winds blowing across northern China in the winter.
Eaves curve downward, so that rainwater will flow along the curve rather than dropping straight down. The rooftop is ridged to provide shade in the summer while retaining warmth in the winter.
Reading Material Beijing siheyuan
A siheyuan offers space, comfort, quiet and privacy. Siheyuan walls provide security as well as protection against dust and storms.
With plants, rocks, and flowers, the yard is also a garden, and acts like an open-air living room. The veranda divides the courtyard into several big and small spaces that are not very distant from each other.
Family members talked with each other here, creating a cordial atmosphere. Reading Material Beijing siheyuan
Recently, a modern version of siheyuan has been developed as a villa product in large scale planned residential communities of China. These new siheyuan are located in new housing development areas of Beijing.
Reading Material Beijing siheyuan
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