第1页:第二章 食品分析基础知识
Chapter 2. Basic knowledge of food analysis(第二章 食品分析基础知识)
第2页:食品分析的一般程序
General procedure of food analysis(食品分析的一般程序)
- Collection, preparation and preservation of sample(样品的采集、制备与保存)
- Pretreatment of sample(样品的预处理)
- Analysis(分析测定)
- Deal with the data(数据处理)
- Write report(撰写报告)
第3页:采样的定义
Section 1. Collection, preparation and preservation of sample(第一节 样品的采集、制备与保存)
- 1.1 Definition of sampling(采样的定义)
- Choose a part of representative sample from the large number analytical object as testing sample.
第4页:正确采样的重要性
1.2 Importance of proper sampling
- For the same kind of food, its composition and content may be different for the breed, producing area or storage condition.(同类食品因品种、产地、贮藏条件不同而组成各异)
- For the same analytical object, the composition and content in different position may be different.(同一分析对象不同部位的组成与含量也有差异)
- So if sampling method is improper, the analytical result would be wrong.(采样方法不当会导致分析结果错误)
第5页:采样的原则
1.3 Principle of right sampling
- 1) Representative(代表性)
- 2) Keep the original condition of sample(保持样品原有状态)
第6页:采样的过程与样品类型
1.4 Process of sampling:Check sample → original sample → average sample
- 检样
- 由分析对象大批物料的各个部分采集的少量物料称为检样。
- 原始样品
- 许多份检样综合在一起称为原始样品。
- 平均样品
- 原始样品经过技术处理,再抽取其中的一部分供分析检验的样品,称为平均样品。
第7页:采样的一般方法
1.5 General method of sampling
- 1) Random sampling(随机抽样)
- 2) Representative sampling(代表性抽样)
第8页:不同物料的采样方法
Sampling method(采样方法)
- 1) Uniform solid materials(均匀固体物料)
- 2) Stiff semi-solid materials(较硬的半固体物料)
- 3) Liquid materials(液体物料)
- 4) Solid foods of uniform composition(组成均匀的固体食品)
第9页:样品的数量
1.6 Quantity of sample:Sample should be divided into three parts, and each quantity should be no less than 0.5 kg.(样品应分为三份,每份不少于 0.5 kg)
第10页:采样的注意事项(一)
1.7 Attention on sampling
- 1) Any sampling tool should be clean.(采样工具应清洁)
- 2) Keep the original condition of microorganism and physical chemistry of sample. Avoid pollution or change of sample.(保持样品原有的微生物与理化状态,避免污染或变化)
第11页:采样的注意事项(二)
- 3) Samples of different sensory property should not be mixed together.(感官性状不同的样品不得混合)
- 4) After sampling, the sample should be analyzed at once to avoid the change.(采样后应立即分析,避免变化)
- 5) The vessel of sample should be labeled: sample name, sampling position, sampling date, sampling method, sampling quantity, sampler and analysis item.(样品容器应标注名称、采样地点、日期、方法、数量、采样人与检验项目)
第12页:样品制备的目的
2. Preparation of sample(样品的制备)
- The sample collected according to sampling rule sometimes has excessive quantity, large granule and asymmetric composition.(采集的样品常存在量多、颗粒大、组成不均匀的问题)
- The sample must be treated with crush, mix and concentration, etc.(需经粉碎、混匀、浓缩等处理)
- Aim: make sure the sample uniform, and any part of sample for analysis can represent the composition of whole sample.(目的:使样品均匀,任一部分都能代表整体)
第13页:不同状态样品的制备
- Liquid sample: shake and mix round.(液体样品:摇匀)
- Solid sample: chop up, crush, mash, mill.(固体样品:切碎、粉碎、捣碎、研磨)
- Liquid undissolved (water/oil): separate the undissolved phase, and then sampling respectively.(互不相溶液体:先分相再分别取样)
- During preparation of sample, escape of volatile ingredient and change of composition should be avoided.(制备过程中应避免挥发性成分散失与组成改变)
第14页:样品的保存条件
3. Storage of sample(样品的保存)
- Storage vessel: sealed and clean.(容器:密封、洁净)
- Storage environment: dark, low temperature (0-5℃), clean and dryness.(环境:避光、低温 0-5℃、清洁干燥)
- Special instance: adding preservative or freeze-dry.(特殊情况:加入防腐剂或冷冻干燥)
第15页:样品预处理的原则
Section 2. Pretreatment of sample(第二节 样品的预处理)
- 1) Eliminate the disturbed factors.(消除干扰因素)
- 2) Keep the integrity of determined component.(保持被测组分的完整性)
- 3) Concentrate the determined component.(富集被测组分)
第16页:有机物的破坏
1. Destroy the organic substance(破坏有机物)
- Mainly used for determination of inorganic elements in food.(主要用于食品中无机元素的测定)
- Method: organic substances are decomposed into gas state to volatilize in high temp. or high temp. and strong oxidation, and then the determined component is saved.(高温或高温加强氧化使有机物分解挥发,被测组分保留)
第17页:蒸馏法预处理
2. Distillation(蒸馏法)
- Principle: utilize the difference of volatility of components in liquid mixture.(原理:利用组分挥发度的差异)
- Ex: determination of volatile acid, pennyroyal.(例:挥发性酸、薄荷油的测定)
- natural pressure, low pressure, vapor distillation(常压蒸馏、减压蒸馏、水蒸气蒸馏)
第18页:溶剂萃取法
3. Extraction by solvent(溶剂萃取)
- Principle: utilize the difference of solubility of components in sample.(原理:利用组分溶解度差异)
- Solid-liquid(固-液萃取)
- Liquid-liquid(液-液萃取)
第19页:常用的萃取方法
Extraction method(萃取方法)
- Soxhlet extraction(索氏萃取)
- Microwave extraction(微波萃取)
- Ultrasonic extraction(超声萃取)
- Super critical extraction(超临界萃取)
第20页:色谱分离原理分类
4. Chromatography(色谱分离)
- According to separate principle(按分离原理):
- Absorption chromatography(吸附色谱)
- Distribution chromatography(分配色谱)
- Ion-exchange chromatography(离子交换色谱)
第21页:色谱载体分类
- According to separated carrier(按载体划分):
- Paper chromatography(纸色谱)
- Thin layer chromatography(薄层色谱)
- Column chromatography(柱色谱)
第22页:分析方法的选择
Section 3. Selection of analytical method(第三节 分析方法的选择)
第23页:选择分析方法的重要性
1. Importance of proper selection on analytical method
- Correct sampling(正确采样)
- Right preparation of sample(正确制备样品)
- Proper selection of analytical method: is another key for accurate analytical result.(正确选择分析方法是获得准确结果的又一关键)
第24页:选择分析方法的考虑因素
2. Considered factors when select analytical method
- 1) Accuracy and precision of analysis requirements(分析所要求的准确度与精密度)
- 2) Complexity and speed of analysis methods(方法的繁简程度与速度)
- 3) Speciality of samples(样品的特性)
- 4) Existing analysis conditions(现有分析条件)
第25页:食品分析的标准
Section 4. Criterion for food analysis(第四节 食品分析的标准)
第26页:建立分析标准的意义
1. Why should construct the analysis standard?
- 1) For production departments(为生产部门)
- 2) For supervision and management departments(为监督管理部门)
第27页:国内食品分析标准
2. Domestic food analysis standard
- 国家标准(GB)、行业标准、地方标准
- 《中华人民共和国食品卫生检验方法(理化部分)》:GB5009.1-85 ~ GB5009.70-85
- 每一检测项目有几种不同的分析方法,其中第一法为仲裁法。
第28页:国际食品分析标准
3. International food analysis standard
- ISO:国际标准化组织,下设 27 个组织
- 食品法典联合委员会(CAC):FAO/WHO
- AOAC:美国分析化学家协会,方法先进可靠,《Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》每 5 年修订一次