首页食品科学基础学科食品分析 08 Chapter 8 Determination of lipids .ppt

08 Chapter 8 Determination of lipids .ppt

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本课件先界定脂类为不溶于水而溶于有机溶剂的食品组分,说明其在烹饪、生理与营养上的功能;随后比较索氏抽提、氯仿-甲醇、酸水解三类提取方法的原理与适用样品,给出滤纸包制备与虹吸回流的操作要点,并专门说明巴布科克法、盖勃法与罗斯-哥特里法测定乳脂。

第八章脂类的测定章节标题页,列出脂类概述、索氏抽提法与其他提取测定方法
第一节概述章节标题页,引出脂类的定义、在各类食品中的含量与测定意义
脂类的定义:不溶于水而溶于有机溶剂的食品组分,包括脂肪与类脂物质两类
查看本课件的文字版(共 29 页,供检索与复制)

第1页:第八章 脂类的测定

Chapter 8. Determination of lipids(第八章 脂类的测定)

第2页:第一节 概述

Section 1. General(第一节 概述)

第3页:食品中的脂类

1. Lipids in foods

Lipids(脂类)
Lipids are usually defined as food components that are insoluble in water and that are soluble in organic fat solvents.(不溶于水、溶于有机溶剂的食品组分)
  • fats(脂肪)
  • Fatlike substances(类脂物质)

第4页:食品中脂类的含量分布

Lipids amounts in foods

  • Corn foods(谷物类食品)
  • Dairy foods(乳制品)
  • Plant or animal lipid(植物或动物油脂)
  • Vegetables and fruits(蔬菜与水果)
  • Legume(豆类)
  • Meat, fish, egg(肉、鱼、蛋)

第5页:测定脂类的意义

2. Significance of determining lipids

  • Carrying odors and flavors and their contribution to the palatability of meats, the tenderness of baked products, and the richness and texture of ice cream.(携带香气与风味,改善肉的适口性、焙烤制品的柔软度与冰淇淋的口感质构)
  • Affording energy.(供给能量)
  • Providing essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins.(提供必需脂肪酸与脂溶性维生素)

第6页:脂类的存在形式与提取溶剂

3. Determination of lipids

  • Lipids forms in foods: free and compounds(存在形式:游离态与结合态)
  • Sparing solubility in water and considerable solubility in organic solvents(难溶于水、易溶于有机溶剂)
  • Organic solvents: ethyl ether(乙醚)、petroleum ether(石油醚)、chloroform-methanol(氯仿-甲醇)

第7页:脂类测定的样品预处理

Pretreatment of samples

  • Grinding: the extraction of dry materials depends on particle size.(粉碎:干样提取效果取决于粒度)
  • Drying: only part of the lipids can be extracted with ether from moist material, as the solvent cannot penetrate the tissues and the extractant becomes saturated with water.(干燥:潮湿样品中溶剂难以渗入组织且被水饱和,只能提取部分脂类)

第8页:脂类的测定方法

Determination methods

  • Soxhlet extraction method(索氏抽提法)
  • Chloroform-methanol method(氯仿-甲醇法)
  • Acid hydrolyzed method(酸水解法)
  • Rose-Gottlieb method, Babcock method, Gerber method(罗斯-哥特里法、巴布科克法、盖勃法)

第9页:第二节 脂类的测定方法

Section 2. Determination methods of lipids(第二节 脂类的测定方法)

第10页:索氏抽提法的原理

1. Soxhlet extraction method

  • Direct extraction of lipids is often carried out in a Soxhlet.(脂类的直接提取常在索氏抽提器中完成)
  • The sample in an extraction thimble (filter paper), covered with defatted cotton wool, is placed in the middle part of the apparatus.(样品置于滤纸筒中,上覆脱脂棉)
  • The flask is filled with solvent, the condenser attached, and heating started.(烧瓶加溶剂、接冷凝管并开始加热)

第11页:索氏抽提的虹吸与称重

  • The condensing vapors fill the middle part and carry the dissolved lipid into the flask by siphoning action.(冷凝蒸汽充满中部,借虹吸作用将脂类带入烧瓶)
  • At the end of exhaustive extraction, the solvent from the tared flask is evaporated, and the weight increase is calculated.(提取完全后蒸干溶剂,计算增重)

第12页:索氏提取器装置图

第13页:索氏提取器的部件

  • 接收瓶
  • 索氏抽提器
  • 滤纸筒
  • 冷凝管

第14页:索氏抽提法的适用范围

Applying area and speciality

  • The result is crude lipid.(结果为粗脂肪)
  • The extractions of ethyl ether and petroleum ether are free-lipid, not conjoint-lipid.(乙醚与石油醚提取的是游离脂类,非结合脂类)

第15页:索氏抽提的测定步骤

Determining procedures

  • 1. Preparation of filter paper package(滤纸包的准备)
  • 2. Treatment of sample(样品处理)
  • 3. Extraction(提取)
  • 4. Weigh(称重)

第16页:索氏抽提的注意事项

Notice

  • No water in sample.(样品中不得含水)
  • Filter paper package should be no leaking of sample.(滤纸包不得漏样)
  • Extraction temperature.(提取温度)
  • Safety.(安全)

第17页:脂肪自动测定仪的原理

脂肪自动测定仪

原理:样品首先浸泡在沸腾的溶剂中,提取出大部分的脂肪 → 再把样品提出至溶剂液面上,用溶剂淋洗,提取样品中残余的脂肪 → 除去溶剂,将抽提杯烘干称重。

第18页:自动脂肪测定仪

Auto-analyzer of lipids(脂肪自动测定仪)

第19页:自动脂肪测定仪的系统

  • 该系统由一套浸提单元和一套控制单元组成;预先称重的样品放入浸提杯,溶剂加入密闭系统后由电子加热板加热
  • 浸提程序包括浸提、淋洗、溶剂回收及干燥四个步骤
  • HHT-2055 主要用于烟草中石油醚提取物的测定,也可用于食品、饲料、环境、工业等领域
  • 可适用全部用于浸提的溶剂,溶剂回收率可达 90%;可用于 GC/HPLC 的样品制备,精度可达传统索氏提取装置水平(1% 或更高)

第20页:VELP 全自动脂肪测定仪

意大利 VELP 全自动脂肪测定仪

第21页:脂肪测定仪的仪器构造

第22页:氯仿-甲醇法的原理

2. Chloroform-methanol method

  • The sample is homogenized with a mixture of chloroform and methanol in such proportions that a miscible system is formed with the water in the sample.(样品与氯仿-甲醇混合液匀浆,与样品中的水形成混溶体系)
  • Dilution with chloroform and water separates the homogenate into two layers: the chloroform layer containing all the lipids and the methanol layer containing all the nonlipids.(再用氯仿与水稀释分相)
  • A purified extract is obtained by isolating the chloroform layer.(分离氯仿层得到纯化提取物)

第23页:氯仿-甲醇法的适用范围

Applying area:conjoint lipids, especially samples containing much phospholipids, such as animal tissue, fish muscle, poultry, egg, soybean(结合脂类,特别是含磷脂较多的样品)

第24页:酸水解法

3. Acid hydrolysis method

  • Principle: the sample is hydrolyzed using HCl, and lipids in conjoint-compounds or stored in tissues are freed; then free lipids are extracted using ethyl ether or petroleum ether.(盐酸水解释放结合态脂类后用乙醚或石油醚提取)
  • Applying: those samples which can not be determined by Soxhlet extraction; not fit sugar-rich sample.(适用于索氏抽提法难以测定的样品,不适用于高糖样品)
  • The results contain lipids of free and conjoint.(结果包含游离脂类与结合脂类)

第25页:牛乳中脂类的测定

4. Determination of lipids in milk

  • In milk, fat globules are present as an emulsion of oil in water and are surrounded by a thin protein film.(脂肪球以水包油乳浊液形式存在,外裹蛋白膜)
  • The emulsion must be broken and the protein film removed before the fat can be separated and determined volumetrically.(须先破乳并除去蛋白膜后再分离测定)

第26页:巴布科克法

4.1 Babcock method

  • Milk is mixed with sulfuric acid in a special bottle, shaken till apparently homogeneous, centrifuged, and submerged into water at 63℃.(牛乳与硫酸混匀、离心后置于 63℃ 水中)
  • The rising fat is determined from the height formed in a graduated neck.(从刻度颈部读取脂肪层高度)

第27页:盖勃法

4.2 Gerber method

  • 11 ml of milk followed by 1 ml isoamyl alcohol are added to a Gerber glass butyrometer containing 10 ml sulfuric acid.
  • A lock stopper is inserted and the bottle is shaken until the curd disappears.(加塞摇动至凝块消失)
  • The butyrometer is centrifuged 4 min, submerged to top of graduate stem in water at 63℃ for 5 min, and the fat content is read off.(离心 4 分钟,63℃ 水浴 5 分钟后读数)

第28页:盖勃法的特点

  • The Gerber test is simpler and of wider general application than the Babcock test.(比巴布科克法简便、适用面更广)
  • Charring is generally avoided by the ratio of milk to sulfuric acid.(控制牛乳与硫酸比例可避免炭化)
  • Isoamyl alcohol improves the fat separation and reduces the effects of sulfuric acid.(异戊醇改善脂肪分离并减轻硫酸作用)

第29页:罗斯-哥特里法

4.3 Rose-Gottlieb method

  • The sample is rendered alkaline with ammonium hydroxide.(加氢氧化铵使样品呈碱性)
  • The digested mixture is extracted repeatedly with ethanol, ether, and petroleum ether.(用乙醇、乙醚与石油醚反复提取)
  • The combined extracts are dried, purified by extraction with petroleum ether, and weighed.(合并提取液干燥、用石油醚纯化后称重)
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