第1页:第八章 脂类的测定
Chapter 8. Determination of lipids(第八章 脂类的测定)
第2页:第一节 概述
Section 1. General(第一节 概述)
第3页:食品中的脂类
1. Lipids in foods
- Lipids(脂类)
- Lipids are usually defined as food components that are insoluble in water and that are soluble in organic fat solvents.(不溶于水、溶于有机溶剂的食品组分)
- fats(脂肪)
- Fatlike substances(类脂物质)
第4页:食品中脂类的含量分布
Lipids amounts in foods
- Corn foods(谷物类食品)
- Dairy foods(乳制品)
- Plant or animal lipid(植物或动物油脂)
- Vegetables and fruits(蔬菜与水果)
- Legume(豆类)
- Meat, fish, egg(肉、鱼、蛋)
第5页:测定脂类的意义
2. Significance of determining lipids
- Carrying odors and flavors and their contribution to the palatability of meats, the tenderness of baked products, and the richness and texture of ice cream.(携带香气与风味,改善肉的适口性、焙烤制品的柔软度与冰淇淋的口感质构)
- Affording energy.(供给能量)
- Providing essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins.(提供必需脂肪酸与脂溶性维生素)
第6页:脂类的存在形式与提取溶剂
3. Determination of lipids
- Lipids forms in foods: free and compounds(存在形式:游离态与结合态)
- Sparing solubility in water and considerable solubility in organic solvents(难溶于水、易溶于有机溶剂)
- Organic solvents: ethyl ether(乙醚)、petroleum ether(石油醚)、chloroform-methanol(氯仿-甲醇)
第7页:脂类测定的样品预处理
Pretreatment of samples
- Grinding: the extraction of dry materials depends on particle size.(粉碎:干样提取效果取决于粒度)
- Drying: only part of the lipids can be extracted with ether from moist material, as the solvent cannot penetrate the tissues and the extractant becomes saturated with water.(干燥:潮湿样品中溶剂难以渗入组织且被水饱和,只能提取部分脂类)
第8页:脂类的测定方法
Determination methods
- Soxhlet extraction method(索氏抽提法)
- Chloroform-methanol method(氯仿-甲醇法)
- Acid hydrolyzed method(酸水解法)
- Rose-Gottlieb method, Babcock method, Gerber method(罗斯-哥特里法、巴布科克法、盖勃法)
第9页:第二节 脂类的测定方法
Section 2. Determination methods of lipids(第二节 脂类的测定方法)
第10页:索氏抽提法的原理
1. Soxhlet extraction method
- Direct extraction of lipids is often carried out in a Soxhlet.(脂类的直接提取常在索氏抽提器中完成)
- The sample in an extraction thimble (filter paper), covered with defatted cotton wool, is placed in the middle part of the apparatus.(样品置于滤纸筒中,上覆脱脂棉)
- The flask is filled with solvent, the condenser attached, and heating started.(烧瓶加溶剂、接冷凝管并开始加热)
第11页:索氏抽提的虹吸与称重
- The condensing vapors fill the middle part and carry the dissolved lipid into the flask by siphoning action.(冷凝蒸汽充满中部,借虹吸作用将脂类带入烧瓶)
- At the end of exhaustive extraction, the solvent from the tared flask is evaporated, and the weight increase is calculated.(提取完全后蒸干溶剂,计算增重)
第12页:索氏提取器装置图
第13页:索氏提取器的部件
第14页:索氏抽提法的适用范围
Applying area and speciality
- The result is crude lipid.(结果为粗脂肪)
- The extractions of ethyl ether and petroleum ether are free-lipid, not conjoint-lipid.(乙醚与石油醚提取的是游离脂类,非结合脂类)
第15页:索氏抽提的测定步骤
Determining procedures
- 1. Preparation of filter paper package(滤纸包的准备)
- 2. Treatment of sample(样品处理)
- 3. Extraction(提取)
- 4. Weigh(称重)
第16页:索氏抽提的注意事项
Notice
- No water in sample.(样品中不得含水)
- Filter paper package should be no leaking of sample.(滤纸包不得漏样)
- Extraction temperature.(提取温度)
- Safety.(安全)
第17页:脂肪自动测定仪的原理
脂肪自动测定仪
原理:样品首先浸泡在沸腾的溶剂中,提取出大部分的脂肪 → 再把样品提出至溶剂液面上,用溶剂淋洗,提取样品中残余的脂肪 → 除去溶剂,将抽提杯烘干称重。
第18页:自动脂肪测定仪
Auto-analyzer of lipids(脂肪自动测定仪)
第19页:自动脂肪测定仪的系统
- 该系统由一套浸提单元和一套控制单元组成;预先称重的样品放入浸提杯,溶剂加入密闭系统后由电子加热板加热
- 浸提程序包括浸提、淋洗、溶剂回收及干燥四个步骤
- HHT-2055 主要用于烟草中石油醚提取物的测定,也可用于食品、饲料、环境、工业等领域
- 可适用全部用于浸提的溶剂,溶剂回收率可达 90%;可用于 GC/HPLC 的样品制备,精度可达传统索氏提取装置水平(1% 或更高)
第20页:VELP 全自动脂肪测定仪
意大利 VELP 全自动脂肪测定仪
第21页:脂肪测定仪的仪器构造
第22页:氯仿-甲醇法的原理
2. Chloroform-methanol method
- The sample is homogenized with a mixture of chloroform and methanol in such proportions that a miscible system is formed with the water in the sample.(样品与氯仿-甲醇混合液匀浆,与样品中的水形成混溶体系)
- Dilution with chloroform and water separates the homogenate into two layers: the chloroform layer containing all the lipids and the methanol layer containing all the nonlipids.(再用氯仿与水稀释分相)
- A purified extract is obtained by isolating the chloroform layer.(分离氯仿层得到纯化提取物)
第23页:氯仿-甲醇法的适用范围
Applying area:conjoint lipids, especially samples containing much phospholipids, such as animal tissue, fish muscle, poultry, egg, soybean(结合脂类,特别是含磷脂较多的样品)
第24页:酸水解法
3. Acid hydrolysis method
- Principle: the sample is hydrolyzed using HCl, and lipids in conjoint-compounds or stored in tissues are freed; then free lipids are extracted using ethyl ether or petroleum ether.(盐酸水解释放结合态脂类后用乙醚或石油醚提取)
- Applying: those samples which can not be determined by Soxhlet extraction; not fit sugar-rich sample.(适用于索氏抽提法难以测定的样品,不适用于高糖样品)
- The results contain lipids of free and conjoint.(结果包含游离脂类与结合脂类)
第25页:牛乳中脂类的测定
4. Determination of lipids in milk
- In milk, fat globules are present as an emulsion of oil in water and are surrounded by a thin protein film.(脂肪球以水包油乳浊液形式存在,外裹蛋白膜)
- The emulsion must be broken and the protein film removed before the fat can be separated and determined volumetrically.(须先破乳并除去蛋白膜后再分离测定)
第26页:巴布科克法
4.1 Babcock method
- Milk is mixed with sulfuric acid in a special bottle, shaken till apparently homogeneous, centrifuged, and submerged into water at 63℃.(牛乳与硫酸混匀、离心后置于 63℃ 水中)
- The rising fat is determined from the height formed in a graduated neck.(从刻度颈部读取脂肪层高度)
第27页:盖勃法
4.2 Gerber method
- 11 ml of milk followed by 1 ml isoamyl alcohol are added to a Gerber glass butyrometer containing 10 ml sulfuric acid.
- A lock stopper is inserted and the bottle is shaken until the curd disappears.(加塞摇动至凝块消失)
- The butyrometer is centrifuged 4 min, submerged to top of graduate stem in water at 63℃ for 5 min, and the fat content is read off.(离心 4 分钟,63℃ 水浴 5 分钟后读数)
第28页:盖勃法的特点
- The Gerber test is simpler and of wider general application than the Babcock test.(比巴布科克法简便、适用面更广)
- Charring is generally avoided by the ratio of milk to sulfuric acid.(控制牛乳与硫酸比例可避免炭化)
- Isoamyl alcohol improves the fat separation and reduces the effects of sulfuric acid.(异戊醇改善脂肪分离并减轻硫酸作用)
第29页:罗斯-哥特里法
4.3 Rose-Gottlieb method
- The sample is rendered alkaline with ammonium hydroxide.(加氢氧化铵使样品呈碱性)
- The digested mixture is extracted repeatedly with ethanol, ether, and petroleum ether.(用乙醇、乙醚与石油醚反复提取)
- The combined extracts are dried, purified by extraction with petroleum ether, and weighed.(合并提取液干燥、用石油醚纯化后称重)