第1页:第三章 感官检验
Chapter 3. Sensory test(第三章 感官检验)
第2页:食品质量的三类属性
1. Introduction
- The overall quality of food can be divided into three main categories: quantitative, hidden and sensory.(食品整体品质分为数量、隐藏与感官三类)
- Quantitative aspects are primarily of interest to the process, e.g., yield of product obtained from a raw material.(数量属性主要关系到得率等工艺指标)
- Hidden quality attributes include the nutritional value or the presence of toxic compounds, which generally cannot be determined by sensory evaluation.(营养价值与有毒成分属隐藏属性,一般不能由感官评价判定)
第3页:感官检验的定义
- Definition(感官检验的定义)
- The color, aroma, flavor and shape of a food are tested by person’s sensation: taste, olfaction, visual sensation and touch, and then evaluated with word, symbol or data.
第4页:感官属性的构成
- The selection, acceptance, and digestibility of a food are largely determined by its sensory properties.(食品的选择、接受性与消化吸收主要取决于感官性质)
- According to Kramer, sensory include: (1) appearance (color, size, shape, absence of defects, consistency of liquid and semisolid products);(外观)
- (2) kinesthetics (texture, consistency, and viscosity);(动力学特征:质构、稠度、黏度)
- (3) flavor (taste and odor).(风味:味感与嗅感)
第5页:感官检验的目的
Aim(目的)
- 1) Evaluate acceptance of food(评价食品的接受性)
- 2) Determine quality of food(判定食品质量)
第6页:感官检验的应用范围
Sensory evaluation have been widely used in:
- examination of food quality(食品质量检验)
- purchase of raw material(原料采购)
- change of technical process(工艺变更)
- storage of food(食品贮藏)
- R&D of new product(新产品研发)
- market investigation(市场调查)
第7页:感官检验的分类
2. Category of sensory test(感官检验的分类)
- Visual sensation(视觉)
- Olfaction(嗅觉)
- Taste(味觉)
- Touch(触觉)
第8页:视觉检验与色泽
2.1 Visual sensation(视觉检验)
- Observe appearance by eyes.(用眼观察外观)
- Color is an important appearance factor; color development or color changes are used in assessing the maturity of fruits and vegetables.(颜色是重要的外观因素,用于判断果蔬成熟度)
- Discoloration or fading of color is often identified by consumers as being associated with undesirable changes in texture and flavor.(变色或褪色常被消费者关联到质构与风味的不良变化)
第9页:外观特性与光泽透明度
Appearance characteristics of gloss, transparency and turbidity are often important.(光泽、透明度与浑浊度等外观特征通常也很重要)
第10页:嗅觉检验与气味来源
2.2 Olfaction(嗅觉检验)
- There is a number of relationship between food odor and its fresh degree, and processing manner.(食品气味与新鲜度、加工方式关系密切)
- Odor in foods is most commonly attributed to compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, and certain halogens.(食品气味多来自含硫、含氮及某些卤素的化合物)
第11页:嗅觉检验的影响因素
第12页:温度对气味的影响与嗅觉疲劳
- Affection of temp. on odor(温度对气味的影响)
- Olfaction fatigue(嗅觉疲劳)
第13页:四种基本味觉与甜酸
2.3 Taste(味觉检验):Four basic taste modalities: sweet, sour, salt, and bitter.
- Sweet: produced by a variety of nonionized aliphatic hydroxy compounds, the most important of which are sugars.(甜味:来自多种非电离脂肪族羟基化合物,以糖类为主)
- Sour: not all acids are sour; some amino acids are actually sweet. Sugar may enhance or depress the perception of sourness.(酸味:并非所有酸都呈酸味,某些氨基酸反呈甜味;糖可增强或抑制酸感)
第14页:咸味与苦味
- Salt: a pure salty taste is typified in foods by sodium chloride; generally other salts give a mixed taste.(咸味:以氯化钠为典型,其他盐类多呈混合味)
- Bitter: the typical bitter stimuli are given by alkaloids such as caffeine or quinine; also some amides are bitter.(苦味:咖啡因、奎宁等生物碱及部分酰胺)
- Tannins contribute to both bitter and astringency.(单宁兼具苦味与涩味)
第15页:味觉阈值与感知条件
第16页:味觉阈值的影响因素
Taste sensations and threshold are affected by many factors, including food temp., overall food composition, concentrations of individual components, and age, illness and hunger among tasters.(味觉感受与阈值受温度、食品组成、组分浓度及评价员年龄、疾病、饥饿等影响)
第17页:味觉疲劳与检验顺序
Taste fatigue(味觉疲劳)
- Test order: weak → strong(检验顺序:由弱到强)
- Wash mouth with warm water(温水漱口)
- Proper rest(适当休息)
第18页:触觉检验与检验顺序
2.4 Touch(触觉检验)
- 借助手、皮肤等器官的触觉神经来检验食品的弹性、韧性、紧密程度、稠度等
- 视觉检验 → 嗅觉检验 → 味觉检验和触觉检验
第19页:感官检验实验室的要求
3. Basic requirements of sensory test(感官检验的基本要求)
3.1 Requirements of sensory lab
- Quiet, sound proof, neat, no off-flavor, natural color: decrease the disturb to assessor.(安静、隔声、整洁、无异味、色调自然)
- Two basic parts: test section, and sample preparation section(检验区与样品制备区两部分)
第20页:感官检验实验室布局
第21页:感官评价隔间布置
第22页:评价员的选拔流程
第23页:评价员的选择
3.2 Selection of assessor(评价员的选择)
- Favorite assessor: 1) evaluate the acceptance of foods; 2) no need training; 3) number should more than 100; 4) personnel composition should present the whole of consumers.(偏好型评价员:评价接受性,无需培训,百人以上,构成代表消费者总体)
- Analysis assessor: test foods quality, must be selected and trained.(分析型评价员:检验食品质量,须经选拔与培训)
第24页:评价员的分级
- Primary assessor:初级评价员
- Selected assessor:优选评价员
- Expert:专家
- Panel:评价小组
第25页:分析型评价员的条件
Conditions for analysis assessors
- Age: 20-50, men or women(年龄 20-50 岁)
- No addiction of smoking and drinking(无烟酒嗜好)
- Health(健康)
- Sense organs are good(感觉器官良好)
- Be interested in food sensory evaluation(对感官评价有兴趣)
- Good discrimination of different foods(对不同食品有良好的辨别力)
- Have responsibility(有责任心)
- Good description for sensory content(能准确描述感官内容)
第26页:评价员的测试项目
Test for assessors
- Test for taste ability(味觉能力测试)
- Test for olfaction ability(嗅觉能力测试)
第27页:感官检验样品的准备
3.3 Preparation of sample(样品的准备)
- 1) Amount of sample(样品数量)
- 2) Temperature of sample(样品温度)
- 3) Vessel of sample(样品容器)
- 4) Number of sample(样品份数)
第28页:感官检验的时间选择
3.4 Choice of time(检验时间的选择)
- 2-3 hours after eating(饭后 2-3 小时)
- No smoking and no thrill foods before half hour of testing(检验前半小时不吸烟、不吃刺激性食物)
第29页:成对比较检验
4. Methods of sensory test(感官检验的方法)
4.1 Difference test(差别检验:用于确定两种样品之间是否存在差别)
- 1) Paired comparison test(成对比较检验):把 A、B 两个样品进行比较,判断两者之间是否存在差别
- 样品提出形式:AB、BA、AA 或 BB
第30页:三点检验法
- 2) Triangular test(三点检验法):3 个样品,其中两个是相同的,要求找出第 3 个不同的样品
- 适用于鉴别两个样品之间的细微差别,也可用于评价员的挑选和培训
第31页:A 或非 A 检验
- 3) “A” or “not A” test:评价员熟悉 A 后,再从一系列样品中找出哪些是“A”,哪些是“非A”
- 适用于确定由于原料、加工、处理、包装、贮藏等环节的不同所造成的感官特性的差异
第32页:排序法
4.2 Scale and classification test(标度和类别检验)
- 1) Ranking test(排序法):比较数个样品,按某种指标(如咸味、甜味、风味、喜好程度等)排出顺序
- 不要求评价样品间差异的大小;可用于消费者的可接受性调查,也可作为粗选
- 例:甜味最强 → 甜味最弱
第33页:评分法
- 2) Scoring test(评分法):对样品的某种品质特性进行评分
- 可以同时鉴评一种或多种产品的一个或多个指标的强度及其差异
- 应用广泛,如鉴评新产品,评比评优
第34页:标度与类别检验示例
第35页:描述性检验
4.3 Descriptive test(描述性检验)
- 检验人员用合理的、清楚的文字对食品的某些指标进行准确的描述
- 如外观、颜色、风味、组织等
- 定性描述,定量描述
第36页:感官检验方法小结