首页食品科学基础学科食品分析 05 Chapter 5 Determination of moisture.ppt

05 Chapter 5 Determination of moisture.ppt

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本课件先说明水分与干物质、稳定性及化学反应的关系,区分自由水、吸附水与结合水;再比较直接法与间接法的优劣,逐条给出直接干燥、真空干燥、蒸馏与卡尔·费休滴定的原理与适用范围,并介绍电测法、红外法等物理方法与水分活度测定。

第五章水分的测定章节标题页,覆盖测定意义、直接间接两类方法与水分活度
水分测定的意义:与干物质含量、食品稳定性与品质以及化学反应进程密切相关
食品中水的三种存在形式:自由水、吸附水与结合水
查看本课件的文字版(共 22 页,供检索与复制)

第1页:第五章 水分的测定

Chapter 5. Determination of moisture(第五章 水分的测定)

第2页:水分测定的意义

Section 1. General

Moisture determination is one of important and most widely used measurements in the processing and testing of foods.(水分测定是食品加工与检验中重要且应用最广的测定之一)

  • Dry matter(干物质)
  • Stability and quality of foods(食品的稳定性与品质)
  • Chemical reactions(化学反应)

第3页:水分的存在形式

1. Water forms

  • Free water(自由水)
  • Absorbed water(吸附水)
  • Bound water(结合水)

第4页:水分测定方法的分类

2. Methods of moisture determination

  • Direct determination: remove the moisture in sample by drying, distillation and extraction.(直接法:干燥、蒸馏、萃取除水)
  • Indirect determination: using sample’s density, refraction, conductivity or capacitance to measure the moisture content.(间接法:密度、折光、电导率或电容)

第5页:直接法与间接法的比较

  • Direct determination: good accuracy and repetition, but spending long time.(直接法:准确度与重现性好,但耗时长)
  • Indirect determination: fast and automatic, but slightly weak on accuracy.(间接法:快速、自动化,但准确度稍弱)

第6页:干燥法测定水分

Section 2. Determination of moisture

1. Drying methods

  • The procedures specified in food standards generally involve thermal drying methods.(标准方法一般为热干燥法)
  • The material is heated under carefully specified conditions and the loss of weight is taken as a measure of the moisture content.(规定条件下加热,以失重量衡量水分含量)

第7页:干燥法的特点

Drying methods are:

  • Simple(简单)
  • Relatively rapid(较为快速)
  • Simultaneous analyses of large numbers of samples(可同时分析大批量样品)

第8页:干燥法的前提条件

Preconditions of drying methods

  • Water is the only volatile material.(水是唯一挥发性物质)
  • Water can be removed drastically.(水分可被完全除去)
  • During heating, weight loss caused by chemical reactions in other components can be ignored.(加热时其他组分化学反应造成的失重可忽略)

第9页:直接干燥法

1.1 Directly drying method

  • Principle: in certain temperature (95-105℃) and pressure, samples are heated in oven and the water is vaporized; the loss of weight is the moisture content.(95-105℃ 烘箱加热,水汽化,失重即水分含量)
  • Applying range: there is no other volatile materials besides water, and the sample is stable when heating.(适用于除水外无其他挥发物、加热稳定的样品)

第10页:两段干燥法

For samples containing above 16% moisture

Two-stage drying method: a sample is first allowed to equilibrate with the air; a subsample is then ground for the determination of the remaining moisture.(先在空气中平衡,再研磨子样测定剩余水分)

第11页:真空干燥法

1.2 Vacuum-oven methods

  • Principle: water’s boiling point is decreased under vacuum.(真空下水的沸点降低)
  • Applying range: samples easily degenerative when heating above 100℃, such as fruits, vegetables, syrup, etc.(适用于 100℃ 以上易变质的样品,如果蔬、糖浆)

第12页:蒸馏法测定水分

2. Distillation methods

  • Distillation with an immiscible solvent under a refluxing-type of condenser.(与不相溶溶剂在回流冷凝器中蒸馏)
  • The mixture of water and immiscible solvent distills off and is collected in a measuring apparatus in which water separates and its volume can be measured.(馏出液分层后读取水的体积)

第13页:蒸馏法的适用范围

Applying range

  • Samples such as cereal, dried fruit, oil and flavor.(谷物、干果、油脂、香精)
  • The error caused by reduction of volatile materials and fat oxidation can be avoided.(可避免挥发性物质还原与脂肪氧化造成的误差)
  • Distillation method is the only method of determining flavor’s moisture content.(是测定香精水分含量的唯一方法)

第14页:卡尔·费休滴定法

3. Karl Fischer titration

  • Particularly to foods that give erratic results when heated or submitted to a vacuum.(加热或抽真空时结果不稳定的食品)
  • Low-moisture foods: dried fruits and vegetables, candies, chocolate, oils and fats.(低水分食品:果蔬干制品、糖果、巧克力、油脂)
  • Sugar-rich foods (sugars, honey) and foods rich both in reducing sugars and proteins.(高糖食品及富含还原糖与蛋白质的食品)

第15页:卡尔·费休反应原理

Principle:2H2O + SO2 + I2 → 2HI + H2SO4

第16页:物理方法测定水分

4. Physical methods

  • Electrical methods: based on the determination of conductivity or capacitance.(电测法:电导率或电容)
  • Infrared determination: based on measuring the absorption at wavelengths characteristic of the molecular vibration in water.(红外法:水分子振动特征波长的吸收)

第17页:高频电容式谷物水分仪

PM-8188 高频电容式谷物水分测量仪

  • 能自动测量试样重量
  • 能测定十二个品种

第18页:近红外水分测量仪

KJT-230 近红外水分测量仪

  • 在自动测定模式下每 10 秒钟显示一次平均值
  • 使用近红外水分分析仪时,必须预先制作标准曲线
  • 配合微机软件可显示水分值与标准曲线数据,数据范围与离散情况一目了然

第19页:红外水分测量仪

红外水分测量仪:一般的样品的话,只要十几分钟就能完成测量。

第20页:水分活度的意义

Section 3. Determination of water activity

  • Water activity (Aw) can foretell the storage stability more reliably than moisture content.(水分活度比水分含量更能可靠地预示贮藏稳定性)
  • AW ≈ p/p0 = ERH/100

第21页:水分活度的测定方法

Determination methods

  • 1. AW determination instruments(水分活度测定仪)
  • 2. Diffusing method(扩散法)
  • 3. Solvent extraction(溶剂萃取法)

第22页:水分活度的测定途径

顶部目录