第1页:第四章 食品的物理测定
Chapter 4. Physical measurements of food(第四章 食品的物理测定)
第2页:食品的物理性质
Section 1. Introduction
- 1) Relative density, refractive, optical rotation(相对密度、折光、旋光)
- 2) Chroma, viscousness, texture(色度、黏度、质构)
第3页:物理测定方法
Section 2. Physical determination methods
- Relative density method(相对密度法)
- Refractive method(折光法)
- Rotation optical method(旋光法)
第4页:密度的定义
1. Relative density method(相对密度法)
- Density(密度)
- 指物质在一定温度下单位体积的质量,以 ρ 表示,ρ = mass/volume = m/v (g/cm3)。
第5页:相对密度的定义与表示
- Relative density(相对密度)
- 指某一温度下物质的质量与同体积某一温度下水的质量之比,以 d 表示,是无因次量。
dt1t2 = t1 温度下物质的密度 / t2 温度下水的密度
第6页:相对密度的换算
- d204(样品 20℃ 与水 4℃ 的相对密度)
- d2020(样品与水同为 20℃ 的相对密度)
- d204 = d2020 × 0.99823
第7页:测定相对密度的意义
1.2 Significance of determining relative density
- Determination of density is one of the most simple measurements in food analysis.(密度测定是食品分析中最简便的测定之一)
- Every liquid food has its relative density; it will change when the composition or concentration changes.(每种液态食品都有相对密度,组成或浓度改变时随之变化)
- Through determining the relative density, its purity, concentration and quality can be measured.(可据此测定纯度、浓度与品质)
第8页:相对密度法测定浓度
Measuring concentration
- Sucrose(蔗糖)
- Alcohol(酒精)
- Juice: total solids contents(果汁:总固形物含量)
第9页:相对密度法判定品质
Measuring quality
- Milk: normal 1.028-1.032,if adding water to it, d will decrease.(牛乳正常值 1.028-1.032,掺水后相对密度下降)
- Vegetable oil: 0.9090-0.9295(植物油)
第10页:密度瓶法
1.3 Measurement of density
1.3.1 Pycnometric method(密度瓶法)
The most common method of density determination consists of measuring the weight of a known volume of liquid in a vessel, the volume of which was calibrated in terms of pure water. This is best done by using a pycnometer.(用纯水标定容积后称量已知体积液体的质量,通常用密度瓶完成)
第11页:密度瓶的构造
第12页:密度瓶的使用与注意事项
Use method(使用方法)
- Before use, the pycnometer must be thoroughly cleaned with a mixture of potassium dichromate and concentrated sulfuric acid, rinsed and dried.(使用前用重铬酸钾与浓硫酸混合液洗涤、冲洗并干燥)
- To avoid changes in volume, the pycnometer must not be subjected to excessive temperature or pressure changes.(避免剧烈的温度与压力变化)
- Bubbles are the most common sources of relatively large errors; the liquid should be boiled and cooled shortly before filling.(气泡是较大误差的主要来源,装液前宜将液体煮沸后冷却)
第13页:密度计法与阿基米德原理
1.3.2 Hydrometric method(密度计法)
- Archimedes principle(阿基米德原理)
- The upward buoyant force exerted on a body immersed in a liquid is equal to the weight of the displaced liquid.
第14页:密度计的构造
Hydrometer(密度计)
- Hydrometers are hollow glass bodies with a broad heavy bottom and a narrow upper stem.(中空玻璃体,底部宽重、上部细管)
- The lower part is loaded by a metallic insert so that the calibrated stem is partly above the liquid.(下部配金属重物,使刻度管部分露出液面)
- The deeper the hydrometer sinks, the lower the density of the solution.(下沉越深,溶液密度越低)
第15页:普通密度计与糖度计
- 1) Hydrometer(普通密度计):lighter(轻表)、heavier(重表)
- 2) Saccharometer(糖度计/锤度计):Brix scale (°BX) = % of sugar by weight at 20℃;用于测定溶液中各种糖的组成
第16页:乳稠计与波美计
- 3) Lactometer(乳稠计):用于由密度测定牛乳干物质含量并判断是否掺水
- 4) Baumé hydrometer(波美计):以波美度(°Bé)表示液体密度,density = 145/(145 – Bé reading)
第17页:酒精计、盐度计与油度计
- Alcoholometer(酒精计)
- Salometer(盐度计):determine the percentage of saturation of salt brines(测定盐水的饱和度)
- Olemeter(油度计)
第18页:折光法与反射折射
2. Refractometry(折光法)
2.1 Basic concepts
- 2.1.1 Reflect and refract(反射与折射)
第19页:全反射与临界角
2.1.2 Completely reflect and critical angle(全反射与临界角)
第20页:测定折射率的意义
2. Significance of determining refractive index
- Through determining the refractive index of liquid foods, composition, concentration and quality of foods can be assayed.
- 1) Measure the concentration of sugar liquid(测定糖液浓度)
- 2) Distinguish the composition and quality of oil(判别油脂的组成与品质)
第21页:折光仪的种类
3. Refractometer(折光仪)
- Using critical angle to determine the refractive index(利用临界角测定折射率)
- Abbe refractometer(阿贝折光仪)
- Portable refractometer(便携式折光仪)
第22页:自然光与偏振光
3. Polarimetry(旋光法)
3.1 Natural light and polarized light(自然光与偏振光)
第23页:偏振光的产生
3.2 How to produce polarized light
- 通常采用尼克尔棱镜(Nicol prism)或偏振片
- 当自然光通过尼克尔棱镜时,只有振动面与棱镜光轴平行的光波才能通过
第24页:旋光性物质与右旋左旋
3.3 Optically active, rotation, specific rotation
- 3.3.1 Optically active compounds: molecule contains unsymmetrical carbon atom, which can rotate polarized light to some degrees.(分子含不对称碳原子,能使偏振光旋转)
- dextro(右旋):+ ;levo(左旋):-
第25页:旋光度
- 3.3.2 Rotation(旋光度)
- 偏振光通过光学活性物质的溶液时,其振动平面所旋转的角度,以 α 表示。
α = K c L
第26页:比旋光度
- 3.3.3 Specific rotation(比旋光度)
- 当旋光性物质的浓度为 1 g/ml、液层厚度为 1 dm 时所测得的旋光度,以 [α]tλ 表示。
[α]tλ = K × 1 × 1 = K,即 [α]tλ = α/(L c)
第27页:比旋光度法测定浓度
- 通常采用钠光 D 线在 20℃ 测定,此时比旋光度用 [α]20D 表示
- [α]20D = α/(L c)
- 在一定条件下,[α]20D 已知、L 一定,测得 α 即可计算出溶液的浓度
第28页:旋光度计算例题
Example:A solution of an organic compound is placed in a 20-cm tube and produces a rotation of 38.73°. A tube containing only solvent has a rotation of 1.46°. If the specific rotation is 62.12°, what is the concentration of the solute?
Since [α]tλ = 62.12°,α = 38.73 - 1.46 = 37.27,l = 2 dm,代入得 62.12 = 37.27/(2c),c = 0.30 g/ml。
第29页:变旋光作用
4. 变旋光作用
- 具有光学活性的还原糖类溶解后,旋光度起初迅速变化,随后渐渐变缓,最后达到恒定值
- α、β 环型异构体与开链结构构成一个平衡体系
- 含还原糖的样品配成溶液后宜放置过夜再测定;若需立即测定,可加入几滴氨水,在微碱性下测定
第30页:旋光仪的种类
5. Polarimeter(旋光仪)
- 1. 普通旋光计
- 2. 检糖计(Saccharimeters)
- 3. WZZ 型自动旋光仪
第31页:旋光仪的构造
第32页:色度的测定
Section 3. Physical properties of foods(食品的物理性质)
1. Determination of chroma(色度的测定)
- 1) Chroma of water: the color of water reflecting its quality(水的色度反映水质)
- 2) Chroma of beer(啤酒的色度)
第33页:黏度的分类
2. Determination of viscidity(黏度的测定)
- Absolute viscidity(绝对黏度)
- Athletic viscidity(运动黏度)
- Conditional viscidity(条件黏度)
- Relative viscidity(相对黏度)
第34页:黏度的测定方法
Determined methods of viscidity
- Capillary viscometer: athletic viscidity(毛细管黏度计:运动黏度)
- Rotation viscometer: absolute viscidity(旋转黏度计:绝对黏度)
- Sliding ball viscometer: higher viscidity sample(落球黏度计:高黏度样品)
第35页:质构分析与质构仪
3. Texture analysis(质构分析)
- Texture of foods: Hardness, fracturability, springiness, adhesiveness, chewiness, gumminess, gel strength, creep(硬度、脆性、弹性、胶黏性、咀嚼性、胶性、凝胶强度、蠕变)
- Texture analyzer:SMS TA-XT(England)、FTC(USA)
第36页:质构分析的应用领域
- Application fields: grain and oil foods, flour foods, rice foods, corns, candies, meat, gels, pet foods, fruits, vegetables
- Analysis data: Hardness, fracturability, springiness, adhesiveness, chewiness, gumminess, gel strength, creep
第37页:质构分析应用示例