01 Chapter 1 Civil Engineering.pptx

第1页：第一章土木工程

Chapter 1 Civil EngineeringSection A Civil Engineering

第2页：土木工程的定义

One of the oldestmajoriscivil engineering.

最老的专业之一是土木工程。

Civil engineering is that branch of engineering which aims toprovide a comfortable and safe living for the people shelter.

土木工程是工程的一个分支，它的目的是为人类的住处提供一个舒适而安全的生活。

The engineering marvels of the world, starting from thepyramids to today’s shell structure, are the results of thedevelopment in civil engineering.

世界上的工程奇迹，从金字塔到当今的壳结构都是土木工程发展的结果。

第3页：土木工程与公共设施

Shelters, apart from just being shelters, have been constructedby civil engineers to provide a peaceful and comfortable life.

除了仅仅作为住处之外，由土木工程师建造的住处提供了一个和平而舒适的生活。

Since then, the term civil engineer has often been to refer toengineers who build public facilities, although the field is muchbroader.

从那时起，土木工程师这个词用来指建设公共设施的工程师，尽管这一领域非常广阔。

第4页：结构工程的范畴

The scope of civil engineering is broad, depending on the typeof the project and the skills needed.

土木工程的范围很广，这取决于项目的类型及所需的技术。

Structural engineering is the most important specialization, itincludes: positioning and arranging the various parts of thestructure into a definite form to achieve best utilization；determining the forces that a structure must resist, its own weight,wind andhurricaneforces, and temperature change that expandor contract construction materials, and earthquake.

结构工程是最重要的一个专业，它包括：将结构的不同部分进行定位和布置，从而形成一个确定的形式以获得最好的利用；确定结构必须抵抗的力，结构的自重，风和飓风，使施工材料产生的膨胀和收缩的温度变化，以及地震力。

第5页：结构工程师的就业方向

They also determine the combination appropriate materials:steel,concrete, plastic, stone,asphalt, brick, aluminum, or otherconstruction materials.他们还要确定合适的材料组合，包括钢材、混凝土、塑料、石头、沥青、砖、铝及其它建筑材Most structural engineer work for apartment or publicconstruction and factory constructions.

大多数结构工程师从事公寓建筑、公共建筑和厂房建筑工作。

第6页：岩土工程研究内容

Civil engineers who specialize in geotechnical engineering dealwith the following aspects: the properties of soils and rocks asmaterials that support the structure; the various types offoundation for a structure;settlementsof buildings；stabilitiesofslopes and fills；effects of groundwater.

从事岩土工程专业的土木工程师研究的是以下几个方面：作为支撑结构材料的土壤和岩石的性能；结构不同的基础类型；建筑物的沉降；边坡和路堤的稳定；地下水的影响。

Because foundation is the most important part of a building, it isvery complicated underground and it is difficult toremedyifsomething is wrong.

由于基础是建筑物最重要的部分，地下非常复杂，如果出现任何错误都很难补救。

第7页：岩土工程师的工作

These engineers analyze the properties of soils and rocks thatsupport structures and affect structuralbehaviors.

这些工程师要分析支撑结构和影响结构性能的土壤及岩石的性能。

They evaluate and work to minimize the potential settlement ofbuildings and other structures, which stems from the pressure oftheir weight on the earth.

他们评估并采取措施使建筑物和其他结构的重量对地面的压力引起的潜在的沉降最小化。

These engineers also evaluate and determine how tostrengthen the stability of slopes and fills and how to protectstructures against earthquakes and effects of groundwater.

这些工程师还评估并确定如何加强边坡和路堤的稳定性以及如何保护结构抵抗地震和地下水的影响。

第8页：运输工程

Transportation engineering is the science of safe and efficientmovement of people and goods.

运输工程是人和物安全而有效运动的学科，它是土木工程的一个子学科。

The planning aspects of transportation engineering relate tourban planning, and involve technical forecasting decisions andpolitical factors.

运输工程规划方面与城市规划相关，并涉及技术上的预先决策和政治因素。

Passenger trips are the focus of transportation engineeringbecause they often represent the peak of demand on anytransportation system.

由于在任何运输系统中，旅客的运输需求最大，因此在运输工程中旅客的运输成为了焦点。

第9页：流体力学与水利工程

Fluid mechanics, hydraulics and hydraulic machines, in thisbranch of engineering, civil engineers deal with the properties andbehavior of fluids at rest or in motion.

流体力学、水力学和水利机械，在这个工程分支中，土木工程师研究的是处于静止或运动的流体的性能。

Engineers design and maintain harbors, hydroelectric dams,waterfrontfacilities, control waterrunoffland.

工程师们设计并维护港口、水电坝、河流设施，控制水流量，控制并治理不同的水资源，他们建造坝、水库并把水渠分布到耕地。

第10页：环境工程

Those engaged in environmental engineering design systemstosanitizewater and air, they provide safety drinking water forpeople and control pollution of water supplies, they help to buildwater and wastewater treatment plants,dumpsites to eliminatehazardousor toxicwastesand prevent pollution of surroundingland.

从事环境工程的人们设计系统来净化水和空气，他们为人们提供安全的饮用水并控制供水污染，他们帮助建造水和废水处理厂、垃圾站来消除危险的和有毒的废物并避免周围环境的污染。

第11页：管道工程

Civil engineers in pipeline engineering build pipelines andrelated facilities which transport liquids, gases, or solids rangingfrom coalslurriesand semi-liquid wastes to water, oil, andvarious types of highlycombustibleand noncombustible gases.

从事管道工程的土木工程师建造管道和相关设施来运输液体、气体和固体，运输的物质范围从煤浆（煤与水混合）和半液态废弃物到水、油和各种高度易燃和不易燃的气体。

第12页：管道工程设计要点

The engineers determine pipeline design, the economic andenvironmental impact of a project on regions it must traverse, thetype of materials to be used-steel, concrete, plastic, orcombination of various materials installation techniques, methodsfor testing pipeline strength, and controls for maintaining properpressure and rate of flow of materials being transported.

工程师要确定管道的设计和工程项目对管道必经地区的经济和环境的冲击，所用材料的类型-钢材、混凝土、塑料或各种材料的组合和安装技术，管道强度的测试方法，以及控制运输材料适当的压力和流速。

第13页：各专业分工对照

Though the difference of special knowledge and skills needed,structural engineers determine the member’s size, geotechnicalengineers perform experiment to determine the earth capacity,transportation engineers aim at easing the transportation pressure,hydraulic engineers consider the behavior of fluids, environmentalengineers study the project’s potential pollution and protecting,pipeline engineers deal with aspects of design and installation ofpipelines.

尽管所需的专业知识和技能不同，结构工程师要确定构件的尺寸，岩土工程师作试验来确定土壤的承载力，水利工程师考虑流体的性能，运输工程师的目的是减轻运输压力，环境工程师研究项目潜在的环境污染及保护，管道工程师处理的是管道的设计与安装方面的问题。

第14页：协同工作与计算机应用

These specialists always work together, computers are theirnecessary tool, they make extensive use of computers to handlelarge quantities of data and determine the best way to execute aproject.

然而这些专家总是一起工作，计算机是他们必备的工具，他们充分利用计算机来处理大量的数据并确定最好的方法来实施项目。

第15页：练习一 填空题

ExerciseⅠ. Fill in the blanks with the information given in thetext.–Loads to foundations are generally broken into two broadcategories, gravity loads (dead and live) and ______ loads(wind and earthquake). All loads to foundations are treatedas ______ loads. Live loads, wind loads, and _________loads may actually be highly dynamic, but in practice suchloads are applied as ________ static loads rather than as________ loads.dynamicequivalentearthquakestaticlateral

第16页：练习二 英译汉

ExerciseⅡ.Translate the following passages from English intoChinese.–One of the primary needs of mankind is provided by civilengineers. Civil engineers design and construct buildings,railways, roads, bridges, tunnels, harbors, water and sewagesystems, and other public facilities. The efficient planning ofwater supply and irrigation systems increases the foodproduction in a country. Shelters, apart from just beingshelters, have been constructed by civil engineers to providea peaceful and comfortable life.

第17页：练习二 参考译文

ExerciseⅡ.Translation answer

人类的主要需求之一是由土木工程师提供的。土木工程师设计并建造房屋、铁路、道路、桥梁、隧道、港口、给水和污水系统以及其它公共设备。供水及灌溉系统合理的设计提高一个地区食物的产量。除了仅仅作为住处之外，由土木工程师建造的住处提供了一个和平而舒适的生活。

第18页：Section B 结构工程

Chapter 1 Civil EngineeringSection B Structural Engineering

第19页：结构工程的定义

Structural engineering is a branch of civil engineeringconcerned with the designing andexecutionof all types ofstructures, such as buildings, bridges, highways, power plants,dams, transmission towers, and many other kinds ofspecificstructures.

结构工程是与各种类型结构如房屋、桥梁、公路、电厂、坝、传输塔及许多其它特种结构的设计和施工有关的土木工程的一个分支。

第20页：设计阶段的性能需求

The designing phrase starts with the understand of the project,the designer must take through study of the technological andservice performance requirements that must be expected from thestructure, including loadintensitiesand theirduration, anydynamicaction that might take place.

设计阶段开始于对项目的理解，结构师必须充分研究结构所期望的技术和使用性能需求，包括荷载强度及其作用的持续时间，任何可能发生的动力作用。

The same structure in different location exhibits different designbecause of ground water level, soilcharacteristic.

处于相同位置的不同的结构由于水位、土壤性能的不同而显示出不同的设计。

第21页：荷载计算与设计流程

If the substructure is below the grounder water level, methodssuch as well points, or pumping fromsumpsshould be taken toremove water.

如果下部结构位于地下水位线以下，那么就需要采取一些方法来排水，如井点降水和集水坑抽水。

A designer must first calculate the dead loads, live loads,earthquake and wind loads, and their combination, then selectsstructural system and construction materials.Finally, the designeranalyzes structure and design members.

设计师必须首先计算出恒载、活载、地震荷载，风荷载及它们的组合，然后选择结构体系和建筑材料，最后设计师分析结构并设计构件。

第22页：建筑材料与结构分析

Steel and concrete are traditional materials,carbon fiberisnovelmaterial which has excellent strength and stiffness, but theyare used only in limited application because of the high cost.

钢材和混凝土是传统的材料，碳纤维是新材料，它有良好的强度和刚度，但是由于造价较高，因而应用受到限制。

Analysis of structures aimed at determining the forces anddeformations existed in members.

结构分析的目的是确定构件中的力和变形。

Excessive lateral sway may causes recurring damage topartions, ceilings, and other architectural details and may causediscomfort to the occupants of the building.

大的侧向摆动会引起隔墙、顶棚及其它一些建筑部分的循环破坏，也会使房屋的居住着感到不舒服。

第23页：结构设计与结构分析

Structural design and structural analysis are components ofstructural engineering and a key component in the structuraldesign process, they areinterlockedsubjects.

结构设计和结构分析是结构工程的组成部分，并且是结构设计过程中的主要部分。

The structural engineering has the objective of proportioning astructure such that it can safely carry the loads to which it may besubjected.

结构工程的目标是合理设计结构，以使其安全承受施加的荷载。

Structural analysis provides the internal forces and structuraldesign utilizes those forces to proportion the members or systemsof members.

结构分析给出结构的内力，结构设计是将内力合理分配给构件或构件系统。

第24页：构件尺寸的确定

Member sizes designed are often from experience andcomparison to some similar design and use of available empiricalrules combined with some rough calculations.

设计构件尺寸通常是从经验以及与一些类似的设计相比较并使用经验原则结合一些近似的计算。

Most design areinitiallybased on the strength and stabilitycriteria, while other criteria are used to carry out checks at a laterstage.

大多数设计开始都是基于强度和稳定准则，其它一些准则是在后面阶段用来进行检验的。

第25页：优化设计与施工准备

To arrive at an optimum and economical design, it is usually torepeat the analysis with the revised sizes and shapes.

为了得到最佳最经济的设计，通常要重复分析修订后的尺寸和形状。

The speedy execution of the project requires the ready supplyof all materials, equipment and labor when needed.

项目的快速施工需要准备好所有材料，设备和劳动力。

Excavationfollows preparation of the site, it may be done byspecialexcavator, and the soil excavated can be used forlandscapingandfill开挖是在现场准备好后进行的，由专门的挖掘机来开挖，挖出的土壤可以用于周围环境的绿化和填土。

第26页：开挖与上部结构施工

If the excavation areas are wet,dewateringand stabilizing ofthe soil become major operation; if the materials encountered arehard, blasting will be needed.

如果开挖区湿，那么排水和土壤的稳定就成为主要的操作过程；如果遇到的材料硬，将需要爆破。

In superstructure construction, it generally consists of severaloperations: forming, concrete production,placement and curing(浇注和养护).

在上部结构施工中，一般包括几个过程：支模板，混凝土的生产、浇注和养护。

Electrical and mechanical systems needancillaryspace toprovide a comfortable environment.

电力和机械系统需要附属的空间以提供舒适的环境。

第27页：施工管理与人员协调

Engineers apply both technical and managerial skills, includingknowledge of construction methods, planning, organizing,financing, and operating construction projects.

工程师们利用技术和施工管理技能，包括施工方法、规划、组织、资金筹措以及施工项目的操作。

They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged inthe work: thesurveyors , workers who lay out and construct thetemporary roads and ramps, excavate for the foundation, build theforms and pour the concrete; and workers who build the steelframework.

他们协调每一个参加工作的人员的活动，包括测量员、设计与建造临时道路与斜坡、基础开挖、搭建模板和浇筑混凝土的工人以及建造钢结构的工人。

第28页：Section C 土木工程师职业

Section C Careers in CivilEngineering

第29页：执业资格考试

Many governmentjurisdictionsalso have licensing procedureswhich require engineering graduates to pass an examination,similar to thebarexamination for a lawyer, before they canactively start on their careers.

许多获得批准的政府管辖部门要求工程毕业生通过一项考试，就像律师在他们从事职业之前要通过律师的职业考试一样。

In the university, mathematics, physics, and chemistry areheavily emphasized throughout the engineeringcurriculum,particularly in the first two or three years.

在大学里，在整个工程课程中，着重强调数学、物理和化学，尤其是在前两年或前三年。

第30页：概率与计算机编程

An important aspect of statistical mathematics is probability,which deals with what may happen when there are differentfactors, or variable, that can change the results of a problem.

统计数学中重要的一方面就是改变问题结果的概率，概率研究的是当存在不同的因素或变化时会发生什么。

Because a great deal of calculations are involved in solvingthese problems, computer programming is now included in almostall engineering curricula.

由于在解决这些问题是要进行大量计算几乎所有的工程课程计划都有计算机编程。

第31页：计算机与社会科学课程

Computers, of course, can solve many problems involvingcalculations with greater speed and accuracy than a human beingcan.

当然计算机可以比人更快速准确地解决许多问题。

In spite of the heavy emphasis on technical subjects in theengineering curriculum, a current trend is to require students totake courses in the social sciences and the language arts.

尽管在工程课程计划中着重强调技术课，但是现在的趋势是要求学生上一些社会科学和语言艺术方面的课程。

第32页：工程与社会的联系

The relationship between engineering and society is gettingcloser; it is sufficient, therefore, to say again that the workperformed by an engineer affects society in many different andimportant ways that he or she should be aware of.

工程与社会之间的联系愈来愈紧密，因此，足可以说由工程师所从事的工作以不同的方式或重要的方式影响了他或她应该关心的社会。

An engineer also needs a sufficient command of language to beable to prepare reports that are clear and, in many cases,persuasive.

工程师也需要足够的语言的运用能力才能够清晰地，在许多情况下是更有说服力地准备报告。

第33页：专业课程与就业竞争

An engineer engaged in research need to be able to write uphis or her finding for scientific publications.

从事研究的工程师需要能够把他或她的发现写出来进行科学出版。

For the student who is preparing to become a civil engineer,these specialized courses may deal with such subjects asgeodeticsurveying, soil mechanics, or hydraulics.

对于打算成为土木工程师的学生，这些专业课程涉及的是这样一些课程，如测量、土力学或水力学。

Many different corporations and government agencies havecompeted for the services of engineers in recent years.

最近几年，许多不同的公司和政府机构在竞争工程师的服务工作。

第34页：就业方向选择

Young engineers may choose to go into environmental orsanitary engineering, for example, where environmental concernshave created many openings; or they may choose constructionfirms thatspecializein highway work; or they may prefer to workwith one of the government agencies that deal with waterresources.

年轻的工程师可以选择从事环境工程，例如关注环境的地方有许多岗位，或者选择专门从事公路工作的施工企业或者与某个政府机构一起解决水资源问题。

第35页：理论与实践结合

When the young engineer has finally started actual practice, thetheoretical knowledge acquired in the university must be applied.

当年轻的工程师最后开始实际锻炼时，必须运用大学里获得的理论知识。

Thus, on-the-job training can beacquittedthat will demonstratehis or her ability to translate theory into practice to the supervisors.

这样，实际操作能够让主管人了解他或她把理论知识运用于实践的能力。

第36页：职业领域分布

The civil engineer may work in research, design, constructionsupervision, maintenance, or even in sales or management.

工程师可以从事研究、设计、施工监理、维护，甚至是销售或管理工作。

Each of these areas involves different duties, differentemphases, and different uses of the engineer’s knowledge andexperience.

每一个领域包含不同的职责，不同的重点以及工程师知识和经验的不同的运用。

Research is one of the most important aspects of scientific andengineering practice.

研究是科学和工程实践的最重要的方面之一。

第37页：研究领域与项目唯一性

Areas of research concerned with civil engineering includedsoil mechanics and soil stabilization techniques, and also thedevelopment and testing of new structural materials.

与土木工程相关的研究领域包括土力学和土壤的稳定技术以及新结构材料的研究和试验。

Civil engineering projects are almost unique; that is, each hasits own problems and design features.

土木工程项目几乎是唯一的，也就是说，每一个项目有它自己的问题和设计特征。

Therefore, careful study is given to each project even beforedesign work begins.

因此，在设计工作开始之前就要对每个项目进行仔细研究。

第38页：可行性研究

The study includes a survey both oftopographicaland subsoilfeature of the proposed site. It also includes a consideration ofpossible alternatives, such as a concretegravity dam or an earth-fill embankment dam.

研究包括项目所在位置的地形和下层土性质的研究，也包括可能选择方案的研究，如选择混凝土大坝还是填土坝。

Many engineers, usually working as a team that includessurveyors, specialists in soil mechanics, and experts in designand construction, are involved in making these feasibility studies.

做出这些可行性研究的许多工程师常常作为一支团队进行工作，这支队伍包括测量员，土力学专家，设计和施工专家。

第39页：专业分工与项目协调

As we have seen, civil engineers work on many different kindsof structures, so it is normal practice for an engineer to specializein just one kind.

正如我们所看到的，土木工程师在许多不同种类的结构方面工作，对于一名工程师来讲，专门进行一种工作是正常的实践。

Dams, bridges, water supply systems, and other large projectsordinarily employ several engineers whose work is coordinated bya systems engineer who is in charge of the entire project.

坝、桥梁、供水系统以及其它大型项目一般要雇用几名工程师，他们的工作由负责整个项目的系统工程师来协调。

第40页：施工过程与安全

Construction is a complicated process on almost all engineeringprojects.

在几乎所有的工程项目中，施工是一个复杂的过程。

It involves scheduling the work and utilizing the equipment andmaterials so that cost is kept as low as possible.

它包括安排工作，利用设备和材料使得造价尽可能低。

Safety factors must also be taken into account, sinceconstruction can be very dangerous.

由于施工非常危险，安全因数必须要考虑因此许多土木工程师专门从事施工。

第41页：户外作业与职业要求

Much of the work of civil engineers is carried on outdoors, ofteninruggedand difficultterrainor under dangerous conditions.

土木工程师的许多工作是在户外进行的，经常是在崎岖的或困难的地带或危险的情况下进行。

Surveying is an outdoors occupation, for example, and damsare often built in wild river valleys orgorges.

例如，测量是户外作业，坝通常建在湍急的河流或峡谷中。

Theprospectivecivil engineer should be aware of the physicaldemands that will be made on him or her.

未来的工程师应该注意他或她们的身体需要。