第1页：第二章新型建筑结构
CHAPTER 2 NEW BUILDINGSTRUCTURESection A Steel Structure
第2页：钢结构的定义
- Steel structure refers to a building in which steel plays theleading role.
- 钢结构指的是钢起主要作用的建筑物。
- The early development of high-rise buildings began withstructural steel framing.
- 高层结构的早期发展源于钢框架结构。
- It is made up of separate elements-beams, columns, portals, trusses,plates,bracing,purlins, etc.
- 它是由单独的构件组成的—梁、柱、门架、桁架、板、支撑、檩条等。
第3页：钢结构构件受力
- Beams-members carrying lateral loads in bending and shear columns-members carrying axial loads in compressing and bending, portals andtrusses-members carrying lateral loads, plates-members supporting wall,bracing, together with columns and trusses, resist wind loads andstabilize the building, purlins-members carrying roof sheet.
- 梁—承担横向荷载处于受弯和受剪的构件，柱—承担轴向荷载处于受压和弯的构件，门架和桁架—承担横向荷载的构件，板—支撑墙的构件，支撑与柱和桁架一起来抵抗风荷载并使建筑物稳定，檩条—支撑屋面板的构件。
- These elements must be joined together so as to be in position andcarry loads without bulking out of the plane.
- 这些构件必须连接在一起才能在应有的位置承担荷载不会产生平面外屈曲。
第4页：空间结构的应用趋势
- One of the visible changes on steel structure is the remarkable trendtowards greater use of space structures; this trend is growing as a resultof architectural preference.
- 钢结构显著的变化之一就是空间结构的广泛使用，这一趋势的增长是由于建筑上的选择。
- This is partly due, no doubt, to reaction from beam-column systemsof previous decades, but also due to the realization of the advantages ofspaces structures.
- 无疑，这一选择部分是因为过去几十年梁柱体系得到的反应，部分是因为空间结构自身的优势。
第5页：空间结构的经济性
- structural engineers realized many years ago the fact that spacestructure requires less material than the conventional linear systemsand that, if properly designed, prefabricated space structures can highlyeconomical in cost.
- 结构工程师许多年前就认识到空间结构比传统的线性体系需要的材料少，而且如果设计合理，装配的空间结构在造价上有很高的经济性。
- There are various types of space structures, differing in their behaviorunder load and requiring different methods of analysis.
- 空间结构有许多不同的类型，它们在荷载作用下的性能和所需的分析方法不同。
第6页：双层网架结构
- Double-layer grids are typical examples of space structures and alsoone of the most popular forms of space frames; they are frequentlyused nowadays all over the world for covering large-span industrialbuildings, sports halls, churches, and exhibition centers.
- 双层网格是空间结构典型的一种形式，而且也是最普遍使用的一种空间网架，它们广泛应用于当今世界上覆盖大跨度的工业建筑，体育馆，教堂和展览中心。
- Present experience shows that in many countries double-layer gridsstructures can complete very successfully on a cost basis with moreconventional systems, providing at the same time additionaladvantages, such as greater rigidity, simplification of erection and thepossibility of covering larger spans.
- 目前的经验表明，在许多地区双层网格结构与更传统的体系相比在造价上能够实现得更成功，同时还具有其它优点如刚度大，安装简便，可以覆盖较大的跨度等。
第7页：节点设计与焊接
- Joints are designed to transmit axial load, shear, moment and torsionas the frame analysis and design of members.
- 节点的设计是要传递轴向荷载、剪力、弯矩和扭矩。
- In general, a pinned joint transmits axial load and shear; a rigid jointtransmits all actions. Sliding joints to transmit a reaction only are oftenrequired where provision for expansion is needed.
- 一般地，铰接节点传递轴力和剪力，刚节点传递所有的力，在需要采取措施限制滑移的地方经常需要滑动节点来传递作用力。
- Welding results in important advantages, for example, the structure iscleaner and better looking, maintenance costs are lower.
- 焊接连接有重要的优点，例如结构整洁美观，维护费用低廉。
第8页：焊接缺陷与螺栓类型
- But the defects which occur in welds lead to a reduction in strengthof the joint and they may alsoinitiatefailure due to brittle fracture offatigue.
- 但是在焊接过程中产生的缺陷会降低连接的强度并由于疲劳的脆性破坏而产生断裂。
- The main defects consist of:slag inclusions,gas pockets, incompletepenetration,under cutting, residual stress and distortion.
- 主要缺陷包括：夹渣，气孔，未焊透，咬边，残余应力及变形。
- The two types of bolts in general use in structural steelwork areblackboltsandhigh-strength fraction grip bolts.
- 在钢结构中通常采用的两种螺栓是粗制螺栓和摩擦型高强度螺栓。
第9页：两类螺栓的性能
- The black bolts areforgedfrom round bars with machinedthreadsonbolts and nuts, they are used in holes with 2mm clearance, they may beused in shear, tension, torsion or in combined shear, tension and torsion.
- 粗制螺栓是由圆棒锻造而成，螺栓和螺帽的螺纹经机械加工而成，它们与孔的间隙是2毫米，可用于受剪力、拉力、扭矩以及剪力、拉力、扭矩的共同作用。
- The high-strength fraction grip bolts must be tightened to give therequiredshanktension, the bolts are used in holes less than 2mmclearance and in shear, tension, bending or in combined shear, tensionand bending.
- 摩擦型高强度螺栓必须拧紧以达到所需的预拉力。
这种螺栓与孔的间隙小于2毫米，可以受剪力、拉力、弯矩或者是剪力、拉力、弯矩的共同作用。
第10页：钢材截面类型
- Joints with high-strength fraction grip bolts can give higher capacityand little deformation compared with black bolts.
- 摩擦型高强度螺栓比粗制螺栓的承载力高变形小。
- Steel sections include hot rolled and formed sections, cold-rolledsections and build-up sections.
- 钢构件的截面包括热轧成型的截面，冷轧成型的截面及组合截面。
The hot rolled and formed sections, such as, equal and unequalangles, channels, structural tees, circular, square and rectangular hollowsections.热轧成型的截面如等边和不等边角钢，槽钢，T型钢，圆形、方形和矩形钢管。
第11页：中和轴与组合截面
- Forasymmetricalsections, theneutral axis(中和轴)must be locatedfirst. For build-up sections, the properties must be calculated.
- 对于非对称截面，必须要先确定中和轴的位置，对于组合截面，性能必须计算。
第12页：Section B 高层建筑
CHAPTER 2 NEW BUILDINGSTRUCTURESection B High Rise Building
第13页：高层建筑的发展动因
- The rapid growth of worldcivilizationhas a significant impact on theway humans live today.
- 世界文明的快速发展对当今人类生活方式产生了重大影响。
- The conversation of agricultural land to development uses and theincreasingurbanizationof the world’s population are making thebuilding towards high vertically.
- 农业用地向开发利用的转变和世界人口都市化的增加使得建筑物向高发展。
- The same area can not support sufficient facilities, the building needto be built taller and taller.
- 相同的区域不能够提供足够的设备，建筑物需要建得越来越高。
第14页：高层建筑发展的五大因素
The main factors which lead to the development of tall building are thefollowing:（1）Scarcityof land andspiralingrise in the cost of land（2）Increasing population and urbanization（3）Architecturrequirements（4）Innovationof new structural system（5）Development of new material and technology
- （1）缺乏土地以及地价的螺旋式上升
- （2）人口的增加和都市化
- （3）建筑需要
- （4）新型结构体系的革新
- （5）新材料和技术的发展
第15页：高层建筑的定义
- Recent years, there have beenimmensedevelopment in the field ofcivil engineering in our country and they kept pace with rapid advancesmade in technology.
- 最近几年，我国土木工程领域取得了巨大发展，并与技术的快速进步保持同步。
- A tall building is defined as one in which the structural system ismodified to make it sufficiently economical to resist lateral forces due towind or earthquakes. Within the prescribe criteria for strength, drift andthe comfort of occupants.
- 高层建筑可以解释为改进结构体系以使其足够经济来抵抗由风和地震引起的侧向力，满足规定的强度、侧移和居住的舒适性标准。
第16页：竖向构件的荷载传递
- The vertical subsystems in a tall building transmit accumulated gravityload from story to story, thus requiring larger columns or wall sectionsto support such loading.
- 高层建筑的竖向构件从上到下逐层对累积的重力荷载进行传递，这就需要有较大尺寸的墙体或柱体来承担荷载。
- In addition, these same vertical subsystems must transmit lateralloads, such as wind orseismicloads to the foundation.
- 同时，这些构件还要将风荷载及地震荷载等侧向荷载传给基础。
- But more significantly, the over turning moment and the sheardeflections produced by lateral forces are larger and must be carefullyprovided for.
- 但是更重要的是侧向力产生的倾覆力矩和剪切变形要大得多必需谨慎设计来保证。
第17页：框架结构体系
- Framed structures for resisting vertical and lateral loads have longbeen accepted as an important and standard means for designingbuildings.
- 框架结构由梁和柱组成，用于抵抗竖向和水平荷载的框架结构，一直以来作为一个重要而标准的形式被采用。
- They provide excellent opportunity for rectangular penetration ofwall surfaces both within and at the outside of a building compared toshear wall structures.
- 与剪力墙结构相比，这种结构更适合在建筑物内部或外墙上开设矩形孔洞。
第18页：框架抗侧力与刚度
- The ability of tall building to resist the wind and other lateral forcesdepends on therigidityof connections between the beams andcolumns, but the columns are made stronger when rigidly connected toresist the lateral as well as vertical forces through frame bending.
- 高层建筑抵抗风荷载和其它侧向力的能力取决于梁和柱之间连接的刚度，但当柱与梁刚性连接时，通过框架受弯来抵抗水平和竖向荷载，因此柱要做得强些。
- They are adopted for low and medium-rise buildings up to high-risebuildings, such as office, school, and residential use.
- 这种体系适用于低层、多层及高层建筑，如办公楼、学校和住宅。
第19页：剪力墙体系
- When Shear walls are compatible with other functionalrequirements, they can be economically utilized to resist lateral forces inhigh-rise buildings.
- 在能够满足其它功能要求时，高层建筑中采用剪力墙可以经济地进行高层建筑的抗侧向荷载设计。
- The vertical and horizontal loads are resisted by the wall, but they canresist lateral load only in the plane of the walls (i.e. not in a directionperpendicular to them).
- 竖向荷载和水平荷载由墙体来抵抗，但是，剪力墙只能抵抗平行于墙平面的荷载（也就是说不能抵抗垂直于墙面的荷载）。
- Therefore, it is always necessary to provide shear walls in twoperpendicular directions, or at least in sufficient orientation so thatlateral force in any direction can be resist.
- 因此总是需要在相互垂直的两个方向提供剪力墙，或至少在足够的方向提供剪力墙以抵抗任何方向的水平力。
第20页：框架剪力墙与筒体
- It is composed of frame and shear wall. The vertical loads are resistedby frame and shear wall; and horizontal loads are resisted mainly by theshear wall.
- 框架—剪力墙结构由框架和剪力墙组成。
- With the increase in height and story, the horizontal seismic action oftall building increase largely. Frame, shear wall and frame shear wallstructures can not satisfy this need, whereas tube which has excellentwind and seismic resistance.
- 随着高度和层数的增加，高层建筑的水平地震作用极大地增加，框架、剪力墙和框架—剪力墙结构不能满足需求，而筒体具有良好的抗风和抗震性能。
第21页：束筒结构
- Frame, shear wall and frame shear wall structures can not satisfy thisneed, whereas tube which has excellent wind and seismic resistance.
- 框架、剪力墙和框架—剪力墙结构不能满足需求，而筒体具有良好的抗风和抗震性能。
The bundled tube is also named combined tube. Several tubescombined in a plan to create large tube to make building more rigid, it isadopted formultifunctionalhigh-rise building.束筒也称为组合筒，几个筒在平面上组成一个大筒使建筑物刚度更大，它适用于多功能高层建筑
第22页：塔式结构与筒仓
- Tall structures with relatively small cross-section and with a largeratio between the height and maximum width are known as towers.
- 具有截面积小、高宽比大的高层建筑当属塔。
- Silos: It is defined as large size containers which are used to storegrains, cement, coal, etc. In general, the shapes of silos are of circularcross-section.
- 筒仓；筒仓可以定义为用来贮存粮食、水泥、煤等的一个大尺寸容器。
- In order to make tall building highly efficiently, the designer need toselect different structural systems according to projects.
- 为了使高层建筑效能高，设计师需要根据项目选择不同的结构体系。
第23页：练习一 填空题
EXERCISEⅠ. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text.Prestressedconcrete is basically concrete in which ______ stresses ofa suitable magnitude and distribution are introduced so that thestresses resulting from ______ loads are ____________ to a desireddegree. In reinforced concrete members, the ________ is commonlyintroduced by tensioning the steel ______________.externalinternalcounteractedprestressreinforcement
第24页：练习二 英译汉
EXERCISEⅡ. Translate the following passages into ChineseThe vertical subsystems in a tall building transmit accumulated gravityload from story to story, thus requiring larger columns or wallsections to support such loading. In addition, these same verticalsubsystems must transmit lateral loads, such as wind or seismic loadsto the foundation. But more significantly, the over turning momentand the shear deflections produced by lateral forces are larger andmust be carefully provided for.
第25页：练习二 参考译文
EXERCISEⅡ. Translation answer
高层建筑的竖向构件从上到下逐层对累积的重力荷载进行传递，这就需要有较大尺寸的墙体或柱体来承担荷载。同时，这些构件还要将风荷载及地震荷载等侧向荷载传给基础，但是更重要的是侧向力产生的倾覆力矩和剪切变形要大得多必需谨慎设计来保证。
第26页：Section C 结构钢性能
CHAPTER 2 NEW BUILDINGSTRUCTURESection C AttributesofStructuralSteels
第27页：结构钢的材料来源
- The main material of steel structure is steel, the sort of steel is many,and performance is different.
- 钢结构的主要材料是钢材，钢材种类繁多，性能各不相同。
- Today there is a wide selection of structural steels and shapesavailable to designers in design and construction of modern buildingsand bridges.
- 今天，设计师们在现代房屋的设计和施工中广泛选用结构钢和型钢。
- These properties are imparted to the steels during steel making whenthe steel is in a liquid state, and during processing when the steel is in asolid state.
- 这些性能是在钢处于液态的制造过程以及处于固态的加工过程中具备的。
第28页：冶炼工艺控制
- Recent advances in steel making and processing enable close controlof melting, alloy additions, temperatures, and cooling rates to producesteels with outstanding properties for structural applications.
- 在钢的生产和加工过程中目前的进展能够控制熔化、合金的添加，温度以及冷却速度从而为结构的应用提供具有良好性能的钢材。
- Structure steels are mainly composed of iron with carefully controlledamounts of alloying elements to improve its properties.
- 结构钢主要由碳组成并添加少量的合金元素以提高它的性能。
- A standard tensile test in accordance with code for testing of metalsmay be carried out and the stress-strain curve drawn.
- 根据规范可以进行金属的抗拉试验并可以画出应力应变图。
第29页：结构钢的六项性能
The attributes of structural steel are as follows:（1）high strength and light weight（2）desirableductility（3）uniformity（4）weldability（5）poorfire resistance(耐火性)（6）poorcorrosion resistance
- （1）强度高重量轻
- （2）塑性好
- （3）各向同性
- （4）可焊性
- （5）耐火性差
- （6）耐腐蚀性差
第30页：结构钢的强度
- The strength depends on the chemical composition and the workdone on the section.
- 强度取决于化学成分和截面上的作用。
- High strength means that it can withstand higher load per unit area,meanwhile its weight is lighter.
- 强度高意味着单位面积上能够承受较大的荷载，同时重量较轻。
- It permits more space in the structure because the structuralmembers are relatively slender.
- 由于构件相对较细因此可以获得较大的空间。
第31页：结构钢的塑性
- The ductility of structural steel can be defined as the property of steelthat permits it to undergo large deformation without fracture.
- 结构钢的塑性可以定义为允许产生大的变形而不会破坏的性能。
- It gives the ability to resist sudden collapse and may be the singlemost important property of steel.
- 它是能够抵抗突然破坏的一种能力，是钢材最重要的一项性能。
- Many of the simplifying assumptions used in structural steel designcan be justified because of the ductility of steel.
- 结构钢设计的许多简化假定之所以合理就是因为钢的塑性。
第32页：均匀性与耐火耐腐蚀性
- Because of the control exercised by the steel manufactures, theproperties of steel along any directions are basically the same. Thisuniformity can eliminate the need to overdesign a member because ofuncertainly about the steel.
- 由于可以控制钢的生产过程，钢的性能沿各个方向基本相同，这一均匀性能够消除由于钢的不确定性而产生的构件超设计需求。
- Structural steel has desirable weldability through welding, but thefire proofing and corrosion proofing are not good, this made thestructure maintainedperiodically.
- 结构钢通过焊接可以获得良好的焊接性能，但是耐火性能和耐腐蚀性能不好，这就使得结构必须定期维护。
第33页：锈蚀防护与弹性阶段
- With such reduction in strength, buildings may collapse or membersmay undergo such largedistortionsthat they must be removed.
- 随着强度的降低，建筑物可能会发生破坏，构件可能会产生大的变形，这些破坏或变形必需消除。
- Some steel oxidizes when exposed to air or water，the steel forms aprotective layer that resists additional corrosion, the protective layer hasan attractive red-brown color and painting is not required.
- 一些钢暴露在空气或水中会氧化，钢会形成一层保护层以阻止进一步腐蚀,保护层的颜色是引人注目的红棕色而不需要刷漆。
From O to A the stress and strain are directlyproportionalto oneanother and the diagram is linear.从O到A应力和应变成比例图形为线性。
第34页：应变硬化与极限应力
- With an increase in loading, the strain increases more rapidly thanthe stress.
- 随着荷载的增加，应变比应力增加得快。
At the point C the material begins tostrain harden(应变硬化)and tooffer additional resistance to increase in load until it reaches itsmaximum value orultimatestress, at point D.在C点，材料开始硬化并且抵抗荷载的能力进一步增强，直到D点达到最大值或极限应力。Beyond this point further stretching of the bar is accompanied by areduction in the load, and fracture of thespecimenfinally occurs atpoint E.超过这一点，伴随着荷载的减小试样进一步伸长，破坏最终在图形的E点产生。
第35页：弹性设计与虎克定律
- Because steel is almost perfectly elastic, design based on elastictheory is very useful.
- 由于钢几乎完全弹性，基于弹性理论的设计是有用的。
- under load, steel follows Hooke’s law up to high values of stress inboth tension and compression.
- 在荷载的作用下，钢遵从虎克定律直到拉和压的应力值达到很高。
- Thestress-strain curve(应力-应变曲线)shows aplateau(['plætəu]n.平台)beyond the elastic limit and then increase in strength due to strainhardening.
- 应力应变曲线在超过弹性极限后会显示出一个平台，然后由于应变硬化强度增加。
第36页：塑性设计与屈服强度
- Plastic design is based on the horizontal part of the stress-strain curve.
- 塑性设计是基于应力应变的水平部分。
- Yield strength(屈服强度)is thedelimitationbetween elastic stageand plastic stage, which vary with the thickness for various grades.
- 屈服强度是弹性阶段和塑性阶段的分界点，它随着不同等级钢材的厚度而变化。
