第1页：空气调节的定义
Chapter 15Air-conditioning andVentilatingThescienceofair-conditioningmaybedefinedasthatofprovidingandmaintainingadesirableinternalatmosphericenvironmentirrespectiveof(不论，不考虑，有……无关)externalconditions.Asrule‘ventilation’involvesthedeliveryofairwhichmaybewarmed,while‘air-conditioning’involvesdeliveryofairwhichcanbewarmedorcooledandhaveitshumidity([hju:ˈmiditi]n.湿度,潮湿,湿气)raisedorlowered.Section A Air Conditioning（
空气调节和通风工程）（空气调节）空气调节科学可以定义为不论外界条件如何，都可以提供和保持一个理想的内部空气环境。作为一项规则，“通风”涉及到被加热空气的传递，而“空气调节”涉及到被加热空气或者被冷却空气的传递，空气同时被加湿或者除湿。
第2页：空调的舒适作用
- Comfort depends partly on humidity, and air conditioningremoves moisture from the air or adds it as needed.Removing dirt and dust from air makes the air more healthful.By controlling air movement, air conditioning brings fresh airinto a room and pushes out stale air.In all these ways, airconditioning provides air that makes people comfortable atwork, at play, and while sleeping.
- 通过这些方法，空调使人们在工作、游戏、睡觉时更加的舒适。
第3页：冬季加热与加湿
- In winter-A supply of air which has been cleaned andwarmed.As the warming lowers the relative humidity, someform ofhumidifying([hju(:)ˈmidifai]vt.使加湿)plant,such asspray([sprei]n. & v.喷射（器），喷嘴；喷淋)or asteam injector(蒸汽喷射器), with preheated and main heaterwhereby the humidity is under control, is generally necessary.
- 由于加热空气使得相对湿度降低时，伴随着预热器和主要加热器控制湿度，某种形式的加湿设备，如喷雾或蒸汽喷射器，一般是必要的。
在冬季供给已经净化和加热的空气。This requires different treatments according to climate,latitude([ˈlætitju:d]n.维度),and season, but intemperatezones(温带)such as England it involves:根据气候，纬度，季节，需要不同的处理方法，但在温带地区，如英格兰，它涉及：
第4页：冷却除湿与再热
- As the cooling increases the relative humidity, someform of dehumidifying plant may be an essential.Thisdehumidifying is generally accomplished by exposingthe air to cold surfaces or cold spray, whereby theexcess moisture is condensed and the air is leftsaturated at a lower temperature.The temperature ifthe air has then to be increased, to give a moreagreeable（[əˈɡri:əbl]adj.适宜的，合意的）relative humidity, which can be done by warming orby mixing with air which has not been cooled.
- 然后，可以通过加热或与没有被冷却的空气混合使空气温度升高，以提供更加满意的相对湿度。
由于冷却增加了相对湿度，某种形式的除湿设备可能是必不可少的。除湿一般通过将空气与表冷器接触或喷冷水，在较低温度下，空气达到饱和而多余的水分凝结。
第5页：吸附剂除湿
- Dehumidifying can also be brought about by passingthe air over certain substances which absorbmoisture.Thus, in laboratories, a vessel is kept dryby keeping a bowl of strongsulphuric acid（硫酸）in it or a dish ofcalcium（[ˈkælsiəm]n.钙）chloride（[ˈklɔ:raid]n.氯化物、漂白粉）, both ofwhich have a strongaffinity（[əˈfiniti]n.吸附力）for moisture.
- 除湿还可以使用某些物质通过所空气来吸收水分。
因此，在实验室中，通过一碗强硫酸、或一盘氯化钙能够使一个容器一直保持干燥，两者对水都具有很强的吸附力。
第6页：硅胶除湿的局限
- Silicagel, a form ofsilica（[ˈsilikə]n.硅石,二氧化硅）ina fine state ofdivision([diˈviʒən]n.分布，单元)exposing a great absorbing surface, is used also fordrying air on this principle, but this process iscomplicated by the need for re-generation of themedium by heat and subsequent cooling, and is notgenerally used in comfort air conditioning applications.
- 硅胶，一种形式的二氧化硅，在非常好的分布状态下暴露很强的吸附表面，原理上可用于干燥空气，但这一过程很复杂，需要通过加热重新生成介质，随后再冷却，一般不在舒适性空调中应用。
第7页：需要空调的场所（一）
- Where crowds of peoplecongregate（[ˈkɔŋgrigeit]vt. & vi.（使）集合，聚集）such as in restaurant,cinema, theatres and the like.2. Where work has to be carried on in a confinedspace, the task being of a high precision andintensive character, such as inoperating theatres（手术室）, instrument assembly shops and the like.3. Where theexclusion（[iksˈklu:ʒən]n.排除）of air-bornedust is essential.
- 1.人群聚集的地方，如在餐厅，电影院，剧院等。
2.在特定的空间里工作，具有高精度和密集的特点，如手术室，仪器装配车间等3.必须排除空气传播的灰尘的地方。
第8页：需要空调的场所（二）
4. Where the type of building and usage thereof involvesconsiderableheat gains(得热)such as in multi-storey officeblocks with large glass areas subject to solar gain, andincluding heat-producing office machinery, computers,intensive electric lighting, etc.5. The core areas of modern buildings planned in depth,where theaccommodation([əˌkɔməˈdeiʃən]n.住处(尤指仅供短期使用的)) in the core is remote from natural ventilation andwindows and is subject to internal heat gains from occupants,lights, etc.4.
有相当大量得热的这类建筑，如装有大型玻璃的多层办公大楼的太阳日射得热量，包括散热的办公机械、计算机、密集的电力照明等5.现代建筑中设计的地下室核心领域，这里的房间远离自然通风和窗户，其负荷取决于住户、灯光等
第9页：热带与温带地区的空调
- Intropical([ˈtrɔpikəl]adj.热带的)and sub-tropical countries, airconditioning is primarily required to reduce the high ambienttemperature to one in which working and living conditions canbe tolerable.In the temperaturemaritime climate(海洋性气候)of the British Isles and in similar parts of the word, long spells ofwarm weather are the exception rather than the rule, butmodern forms of building and modern modes of living andworking have produced conditions in which, to produce sometolerable state of comfort, air-conditioning in the best answer.
- 在热带和亚热带地区，空调主要用于降低高温环境，改善工作与生活条件。
在不列颠诸岛还有其他类似的分布在温带海洋性气候的地区，由于温度适宜，本来不需要空调，但由于现代建筑的构造以及现代生活、工作方式的影响，要获得适宜的环境，还是得使用空调。
第10页：空调与通风换气
- The installation of complete air-conditioning in a building asa rule eliminates the necessity for heating by direct radiation,and it naturally incorporates the function of ventilation, thuseliminating the need for opening windows or reliance on othermeans for the introducing of outside air.
- 建筑中的空调系统安装完成，就可消除辐射得热，可实现通风换气，从而无需开窗或依靠其他手段来引入室外空气。
- In most practical cases, however, ventilation air for occupancyhas to be included and in the design for maximum economyof heating and cooling, this quantity is usually kept to aminimum depending on the number of people to be served.
- 但在大多数实际情况下，必须考虑通风，并且设计最经济的冷热负荷，通风量要取决于人员的需求。
第11页：全新风系统
- Thus, in most instances it will be found that the total air incirculation in an air-conditioning system greatly exceedsthe amount of outside air brought in and exhausted.Where, however, it is a matter ofcontamination（[kənˌtæmiˈneiʃən]n.污染，污染物）of the air, such as ina hospital operating, theatre, or where some chemicalprocess or dust-producing plant is involved, 100 per centoutside air may be needed and no recirculation is thenpossible.
- 但在存在污浊空气的区域，如医院、剧院、化工或产生粉尘的工厂等，需要全新风，无需室内循环。
第12页：过渡季节的全新风运行
With a certain design of plant it is possible to arrange for100 per cent outside air to be handled during periods ofmedium weather, such as in spring and autumn, when neithercooling nor heating is required, or at any other time when itcan do useful cooling.Filters for cleaning air, either fresh or recirculate, or both;Refrigeration plant connected to heat exchange surface,such as finned coils or chilled water sprays;
在温和的季节里，例如春季或者秋季，当既不需要冷却又不需要加热时，或在可以进行有效冷却的其他任何时候，对某些设备设计可能安排100%的室外空气进行处理。清洁空气过滤器，无论是净化或再循环，或两者都有；制冷装置连接到热交换表面，如肋片盘管或冷水喷淋;
第13页：通风的目的与要求
All occupied spaces needventilation ([ˌventiˈleiʃən][ˈviʃieit]n.空气流通;通风设备，通风方法), tomaintain good air quality and a comfortabletemperature.The purpose of ventilation is to maintainthe building a prescribed condition and cleanliness ofthe air, in other words, the temperature, air velocityand concentrations.Section B Ventilation（
通风工程）只有有人居住的地方就需要通风，以维持良好的空气品质和舒适的温度。通风的目的是为了使建筑物内的空气保持某种规定状态极其清洁度，即保持温度、空气速度和浓度。
第14页：机械通风方式
- Thevitiated([ˈviʃieit]vt.削弱;破坏;损害)air isremoved from the building,whilst（[wailst]conj.时时,同时）in its place clean air is introduced, oftenspecially treated.On solution to the provision ofventilation is a mechanical system, either just usingfans atinletsand/or extraction points to force a flowthrough the space, or fans coupled to an air handlingunit which also controls the temperature andhumidity of the incoming air.
- 归根结底，达到此目的的解决办法是：把污浊的空气从建筑物排出，而通常将特殊处理的干净空气引入室内取而代之。
一种通风的解决方案是使用机械系统：要么就在入口和（或）抽气点处使用风机，强制产生气流流过空间，要么利用风机组合空调装置，这种空调装置也能控制外部进入的空气的温度和湿度。
第15页：通风中的热质传递
- In essence thisboils down to((使)煮浓成,浓缩成;浓缩,摘要;归结为…)heat transfer and mass transfer between theincoming air and the air already within the building.If owing toexcessive（[ikˈsesiv]adj.过度的,过分的；极度的）internalheat production the temperature of the air in the building tends toexceed the specified norms, cooler air is introduced and mixedwith indoor air; the temperature of the air (owing to heat transfer )then remains at the norm.If harmful gases or vapors are released,their concentration is held within specified limits bydilution([daiˈlju:ʃən]n.稀释,稀释法,冲淡物)with the clean incoming air.
- 从本质上讲，通风可以归结为进入建筑物内的空气和原来空气之间的热量和质量的传输。
如果由于内部热量的过度产生，建筑物内的空气温度趋向于超过规定的标准，将较冷的空气引入，并和室内空气混合，使空气温度由于热传输而保持为标准值。如果有害气体或者蒸汽释放出来，则有清洁空气稀释，使浓度保持在规定的极限范围之内。
第16页：局部抽气通风
- More often than not mass and heat transfer take placesimultaneously（[siməlˈteiniəsly]adv.同时地）.Forinstance, the production of convective heat is very oftenaccompanied by releases of gases and highly disperseddust.
- 质量传递和热量传递往往同时发生。
- Local extract ventilation is intended for removingpolluted air at source, to prevent thedispersal([disˈpə:səl]n.散布,分散,消散,驱散,疏散)ofimpurities([imˈpjuəriti]n.不纯,不洁；杂质)throughout thebuilding.
- 局部抽气通风目的是从污染源处排除污染的空气，防止污染物扩散到整个建筑物内。
第17页：局部通风的辅助措施
- As much of the impurity as possible is removed in this way sothat a minimum has to bediluted（[daiˈlju:t]vt.稀释,冲淡；adj.稀释的,冲淡的）by incoming air. Local exhaust is notessentially ventilation proper.
- 尽可能多的将污染物以这种方式排除，使最小量的污染勇气用送入的空气稀释。
- Local ventilation thus limits the area of dispersal.This isassisted by use of fixed screens or byair curtains（空气幕）.The impurity is removed bysuction（[ˈsʌkʃən]n.吸,抽吸）of the polluted air, and this can be combined with s jet of airwhichimpels（[imˈpel]vt.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事）theimpurity towards the suction opening.
- 因此，局部通风只是限制了污染物扩散的范围。
这种方法通常辅助以固定屏板，或空气幕。污染物通过抽走污染空气而得以排除。这可以与把污染物趋向抽气口的空气射流想结合。
第18页：室内超压与负压
- If air isintroduced into(引进，插入)a building, some excesspressure is set up in it. In the steady state this pressure will besuch that the total quantity of air leaving the building throughspecially provided cents, or through random cracks in theexternal surfaces is equal to that which is introduced.A similarphenomenon will occur with the extract of air from the building.Here a negative pressure (rarefaction ([ˌrɛəriˈfækʃən]n.变稀薄,稀薄)) is set up in the building, and in consequence air willbe sucked in through gaps from outside and from adjacentrooms to take place of the extracted.
- 如果把空气引入建筑物内，则室内就形成某种超压，在稳定状态下，当通过专设的通风孔或建筑物外表面上不规则的裂缝而排出的空气总量和进入屋内的空气总量相等时，便保持一定的压力。
从建筑物抽排空气也会产生同样情况。这时，建筑物内形成负压，导致通过空隙从外部和相邻房间吸入空气来取代抽走的空气。
第19页：室外空气的不利影响
- In certain cases this air has anunfavorable([ˈʌnˈfeivərəbl]adj.不宜的,相反的,令人不快的)effect.For instance, if coldoutdoor air enters a building in which much water vapor isproduced it would createmist([mist]n.薄雾，视线模糊不清；vt.& vi.(使)蒙上薄雾, (使)模糊)on mixing with the internal hot andmoist air.If the inflow from outside of from adjacent roomssatisfies thehygienic([haiˈdʒi:nik]adj.卫生的，清洁的)requirements, it can be used to replace general mechanicalventilation by natural ventilation.
- 在某些情况下，这种空气有不利的影响。
例如，如果外部冷空气进入有大量水蒸气生成的建筑物，则在与屋内的热而湿润的空气混合时会产生薄雾。如果从外部流入，或从相邻房间流入的空气满足卫生要求，那么可以利用自然通风取代全面的机械通风。
第20页：全面通风的计算条件
- What characteristics should the incoming air have, andispreliminary([priˈliminəri]adj.初步的,预备的,开端的n.准备工作,初步行动)treatment of the air necessary (heating,cooling dehumidifying, conditioning, dust removal, etc.
- )?进入的空气应该具有何种特征？
- To resolve the issues of general ventilation it is necessary toknow the quantity of impurity entering per unit time into the airof building.It is also to know how the impurity isdispersed([disˈpə:s]vt. & vi.(使)散开,驱散)within the building, andhow its distribution can be influenced by ventilation.
- 为了解决全面通风问题，必须了解单位时间内进入建筑物内空气中污染物的数量。
了解污染物在建筑物内是如何扩散的，同时通风怎么影响其分布等问题也是很重要的。
第21页：污染物浓度分层
For instance, in iron foundries the concentration ofcarbonmonoxide（
一氧化碳）(CO) in upper levels can be 0.04g/m3,whereas in the work area it should not exceed the permissiblenorm 0.02 g/m3.Thisstratification（[ˌstrætifiˈkeiʃən]n.层化,成层,阶层的形成）of the concentration is maintained by a supplyof fresh air were supplied near the ceiling, in descending it woulddisturb the stratification and mix with the vitiated air, and with thesame air change the concentration of CO in the work area be0.03 g/m3.如，在铸铁车间上部一氧化碳可能是0.04g/m3，而在工作区就不应超过允许标准0.02 g/m3。这种浓度分层现象是靠在地面上供给新鲜空气，并从高处抽走污浊空气来保持的。假定在靠近天花板供入新鲜空气，当它下沉时，会打乱浓度分层现象，并与污浊空气混合，且以同样多的换气量，使工作区的一氧化碳的浓度为0.03g/m3.
第22页：喷淋式局部通风设计
- To calculate and design local ventilation in the formof air douches, it is necessary to know the properties ofthe jet, the laws governing the variation of itsvelocity（[viˈlɔsiti]n.速度）, temperature and concentrationand the geometric dimensions of the jet.To obtain thehygienically prescribed parameters of the air at theworkplace, one needs to know the initial parameters ofthe air then find the forms of nozzles to produce a jetwhich would satisfy these requirements.
- 为了计算和设计喷淋式的局部通风，必须了解射流的性质，控制射流速度、温度、浓度和几何尺寸等变化的规律。
为了使工作区空气符合卫生规定的参数，首先要掌握空气初始参数，然后选择喷嘴形式，使其生成满足上述要求的射流。
