14 Chapter 14 Heating and Refrigeration.pptx

第1页：第十四章供热与制冷

Chapter 14 Heating andRefrigerationSection A Heating and Refrigeration

第2页：建筑能量来源

LOGOContentsThe energy used to heat and cool many buildings often comesfrom a central location in the facility.

加热和冷却许多建筑的能量经常来源于一个中央位置的设施。

The energy input may be any combination of electricity, oil, gas,solar, etc.

能量输入也许是电、石油，燃气，太阳能等等的组合。

This energy is typically converted into hot or chilled water orsteam that is distributed throughout the facility for heating andcooling.

这些能量典型的被转换成热水或者冷水或蒸汽，通过设备被分配用来供热或制冷。

Introduction1

第3页：供热与集中供热

LOGOContentsHeating2Heating([′hi:tiŋ]n.供热)is concerned with raising thetemperature of the thermal environment.

供热被定义为提高室内环境温度。

Making fire was among man’s earliest achievements, anddoubtless wood formed the earliest of fuels, first in caves, asremains of Stone Age hearths show, and later in mud and turfenclosures.

取火是人类最早的成就，毫无疑问最早的燃料是木材，从旧石器时代遗留的壁炉来看，首先是在洞穴里，后来在泥土和草围栏。

第4页：供热系统的组成

LOGOContentsHeating2Heating by a fire outside the space to be heated, now describedas central heating, appears.

供热通过室外来加热，现在称之为集中供热，出现了。

All heating systems are composed by heat source, heat supplyandradiator([′reidieitə]n.

散热器).所有的供热系统由热源、热输送和散热器组成。

The steam or hot water is the working mediumof the heatingsystem that transfers the heat produced by the boiler to the areaswhere it will be used.

锅炉产生的蒸汽或者热水是供热系统的工作介质，将热量传递到需要的地方。

第5页：热水锅炉与工作介质

LOGOContentsHeating2The working medium may be either water or steam, which canbe further be classified by its temperature and pressure range.

工作介质可以是热水或者蒸汽，可以用它的温度和压力范围来定义。

The term hot-water boiler applies to fuel-fired units that heatwater for heating systems.

热水锅炉通过燃烧燃料为供热系统加热水。

第6页：热水锅炉与蒸汽锅炉的区别

LOGOContentsHeating2Water heaters differ in that they usually do not have enoughspace in the top section for use as a steam boiler, but in manyrespects a water heating boiler is the same as a steam heatingboiler of the same type of construction.

热水器不同，它们通常没有足够的上方空间区段用作蒸汽锅炉，但在许多方面，在同一类型的建筑中，热水锅炉和蒸汽供热锅炉是一样的。

Many steam heating boilers may serve as water heaters ifproperly arranged, fitted, and installed.

如果适当的安排、安装，许多蒸汽供暖锅炉可作为热水器。

第7页：锅炉燃料与蒸汽应用

LOGOContentsHeating2Steam and hot water boilers use gas, oil, coal, electricity, andsometimes, waste material for fuel.

蒸汽和热水锅炉可以使用天然气、石油、煤炭、电力、有时还可使用废料为燃料。

Steam as a medium for heating in radiators and the like is athing of the past. Steam is, however, often used for the heating ofindustrial buildings where steam raising plant occurs for processor other purpose.

散热器等设备用蒸汽作为加热介质已经是过去的事情，但现在很多工业建筑仍然用蒸汽来加热，例如用蒸汽起重设备等。

第8页：蒸汽的其他用途

LOGOContentsHeating2It is also used as a primaryconveyor([kən′veiə]n.输送、传递)of heat tocalorifiers([kə′lɔri′faiə]n.加热器，供暖机，热风机)such as in hospital, where again steam-boiler plant may berequired for sundry duties such as in kitchens, laundry and forsterilizing([′sterilaiz]vt.

把…消毒).蒸汽也用作热发生器的初级转换器，例如在医院的厨房、洗衣间和消毒间也要用到蒸汽锅炉设备。

第9页：蒸汽凝结与放热

LOGOContentsHeating2The utilization of steam for heating involves the process ofcondensation, in which thelatent heat(潜热)is removed by theheating-emitting surfaces of the heating system and revertingwater at the same temperature.

利用蒸汽加热的过程中涉及到凝结，其中潜热是通过供热系统的表面散发的，将水恢复到相同温度下。

Hot water in a closed system under pressure may be run at anytemperature up to its design maximum.

封闭系统中处于压力下的热水可以再设计的最大温度值以下的任何温度下运行。

第10页：水温调节与蒸汽控制

LOGOContentsHeating2Where serving space-heating apparatus, the temperature of thewater can be varied according to the weather, so saving on mainsheat losses and by better control generally.

用于供暖设施的场合，水的温度可以根据天气改变，所以能减少管道的热量损失，但一般要通过好的控制。

Variability of temperature is not possible with steam, which mustbe either on or off and any attempt atthrottling([′θrɔtl]vt. &n.节流，节流阀)is liable to causewater logging(积水，浸透水)at theremote ends.

而对于蒸汽来讲，温度不可能随时改变，只能是打开或者关闭。

任何想减少流量的尝试都有可能导致在较远的端点积水。

第11页：单管蒸汽系统

LOGOContentsHeating2The single pipeline, apart from a rare ring main layout, it usedfor steam as primary fluid over such vast networks as to makecondensate return lines prohibitive in first cost andmaintenance([′meintinəns]n.维修，保养)expenditures and where is becomesmore economical to run treated water to waste.

除了较少采用的环状干管布局外，单管系统用于把水蒸气当作基本流体分送到分散的管网中，以至于冷凝回水管线的初期投资和维修开支都非常高，把处理过的水废弃掉反而显得更为经济的场合。

第12页：双管热水系统

LOGOContentsHeating2A twin pipe system is the most common and widely used formof distribution; it comprises a flow and a separate line.

双管系统是最普遍和广泛使用的供热形式，它包括一条供水管和一条单独的回水管。

Nowadays all types of hot water distribution systems are basedupon the two-pipe layout which offers optimum design andeconomical advantages, thus greatly facilitating most aspects ofoperation.

现在，所有型式的热水供热系统均以双管布局为基础，它具有最佳设计和经济优越性，因此大大简化了很多方面的操作。

第13页：三管系统

LOGOContentsHeating2Triple pipeline systems found limited use for high pressure hotwater in Western Europe around the mid-sixties; since the lowerwater temperatures and pressures became prevalent andincreased use was made of efficient direct-in-the ground mains,the third pipe whose duty was to act as conveyor of primaryheating water for domestic use during off-heat periods, went out offashion.

六十年代中期前后，在西欧三管系统极少用于高压热水，这是因为当时普遍采用较低的水温和压力，以及越来越多的采用干管只埋方式，而第三根管子的任务是在非采暖期用来输送家庭用热水，这种做法也不再流行。

第14页：四管系统与热网输送

LOGOContentsHeating2A four pipe system intended to cater for separated primaryheating and domestic service water networks with centralcalorifiers installed remote from users, possibly in a boiler house,is now in a state of virtualobsolescence([′ɔbsə′lesns]n.

逐渐过时).四管式供热系统旨在适应单独的分别设置的主供热系统和家庭用热水管网，集中式换热器安装远离用户，譬如可能在锅炉房内，现在将逐渐过时。

Heat is transported from the heat production plant to the heatdemand centre, which may be some distance away, in the heattransmission([trænz′miʃən]n.传送,传播)pipeline.

热通过输送管道从热厂输送到用热中心，中心可能在一定的距离之外。

第15页：热网分配成本因素

LOGOContentsHeating2The cost of hot water hat distribution, which includes as well ascontrol systems in the local heat network, depends on a numberpf factors, including: the heat demand density, the supply andreturn temperature, the characteristics of the terrain and localinfrastructure([′infrə′strʌktʃə]n.基础设施;基础结构), andwhether the development is new or involvesretrofitting([′retrə′fit]n.

式样翻新,花样翻新).热水供热分配网的成本，包括水泵以及局部热网的控制系统，取决于一系列因素，包括热水密度、供水和回水温度、地形特征、当地基础设施以及供热系统是新建还是改造翻新等。

第16页：制冷的应用分类

LOGOContentsRefrigeration3Today the refrigeration industry is a vast and essential part ofany technological society, with yearly sales of equipmentamounting to billions of dollars in the United States alone.

当今，制冷工业史任何技术社会庞大而重要的一部分，仅在美国制冷设备的年销售额就达到数十亿美元。

It is convenient to classify the application of refrigeration intothe following categories:domestic([də′mestik]adj.家庭的,家用的), commercial, industrial, and air conditioning.

制冷的用途可简便的分为下列几类：家用、商用、工业用和空气调节。

有时，把运输单独列为一类。

第17页：家用与商用制冷

LOGOContentsRefrigeration3Domestic refrigeration is used for food preparation andpreservation, ice making, and cooling beverages in the household.

家用制冷用于家庭食物的制备和保存、制冰和冷却饮料。

Commercial refrigeration is used in retail stores, restaurants,and institutions, for purposes the same as those in the household.

商业制冷多用在零售店、餐厅和公共机关，与家用制冷的目的一样。

This includes use in food chilling and freezing plants, coldstorage warehouses,breweriesand dairies, to name a few.

略举几项，这种制冷包括在食品冷藏冷冻厂、冷藏库、酿酒厂和乳制品厂中的应用。

第18页：制冷的定义与原理

LOGOContentsRefrigeration3Refrigeration, commonly spoken of as cooling process is morecorrectly defined as the removal of heat from a substance to bringit to or keep it at a desirable low temperature, below thetemperature pf the surroundings.

制冷，通常所说的冷却过程，可更加确切的定义为“从物质中排除热量，使其达到或保持在一个理想的低温状态下，低于周围环境温度”。

In this system avolatileliquid refrigerant is evaporated in anevaporator; this process results in a removal of heat (cooling) fromthe substance to be cooled.

在此系统中，易挥发的液态制冷剂在一个蒸发器内蒸发，其结果是把热量从被冷却物质中排出（冷却）。

第19页：吸收式制冷与主要设备

LOGOContentsRefrigeration3Other widely used method is called the absorption refrigerationsystem. In this process a refrigerant is evaporated (as with thevapor compression system), but the evaporation is maintained byabsorbing the refrigerant in another fluid.

另一种广泛使用的制冷方法称为吸收式制冷系统。

The main equipment components of the vapor compressionrefrigeration system are the familiarevaporator(n.蒸发器),compressor(n.压缩机), andcondenser(n.

冷凝器).蒸汽压缩系统的主要设备组件是大家所熟悉的蒸发器、压缩机和冷凝器。

第20页：制冷与空调的关系

LOGOContentsRefrigeration3Occasionally it will be necessary to mention some aspects ofair conditioning when we deal with the interface between the twosubjects.

有时当谈论到两个学科之间的相互关系时，必须提到空调的一些内容。

A study of the fundamentals and equipment involved in airconditioning is nevertheless of great value even for those primarilyinterested in refrigeration.

对空调所涉及的原理和设备的研究即便是对那些主要对制冷感兴趣的人来说也是很有价值的。

第21页：Section B 地面辐射供暖

Chapter 14 Heating andRefrigerationSection B Radiant Heating on the Ground

第22页：地板辐射采暖的构造

LOGOContentsRadiant heating(辐射供暖)on the ground is that warm water iscirculated through a series of heating pipes, generally laid in thefloor at the time of building.

地板辐射采暖是通过一系列的加热管道循环热水，这些管道通常在铺地板的时候就被埋进去了。

These pipes form a continuous loop between two centralmanifolds.

这些管道在两个送回水支管之间形成一个连续的环路。

Each room has its own circuit of pipes and can be controlledputting the heat exactly where you want it.

每个房间都有各自的管路循环方式，并且能够把热量准确的送到需要的地方。

第23页：节能与热舒适要求

LOGOContentsThis level of saving can easily be maintained and may even beexceeded.

很容易就能达到这种程度的节能，甚至还能更节约一些。

Modern man demands high levels ofthermalcomfort inartificial environments. Linked to this international pressure growsto reduce demand on the earth’s energy reserves.

现代人们要求，在人工环境中有高水平的热舒适性，与之相关联的是，减少对地球储存能量消耗的压力日益增长。

第24页：新型热源与低温水技术

LOGOContentsModern technology has made great strides forward indeveloping newinnovative([′inəuveitiv]adj.新发明的,新引进的)heat sources but probably the greatest advance in combinedthermal comfort and energy conservation is the modern wet floorheating system.

现代技术在发展新型变个性热源方面迈出了巨大步伐，然而，在热舒适和能源保护相结合方面，最大的进展还是现在地板供热加湿系统。

The advent of high quality plastics pipes has made possible theutilization of how temperature water in floor heating systemperfectlycompatible([kəm′pætəbl]adj.相容的,协调的)with thenew heat source technology.

高质量塑料管的出现使得用低温水在地板供热系统中成为可能，这种地板供热加湿系统完全可以满足新热源技术。

第25页：传导辐射对流的结合

LOGOContentsFully developed for all types of floor construction, U.F.H.combines all type of heat,conduction, radiation andconvection,matching the idealtemperature gradient(温度梯度)throughoutan entire building.

地板供热系统已完全发展成为适合于各种地板结构，把传导、辐射、对流等所有传热结合起来，从而适应整个建筑物内理想温度梯度的要求。

The safe, invisible, space saving, vandal and tamper proofsystem is both responsive and energy conscious offering passiveself regulation(自动调节，自动平衡).

这种安全、隐蔽、节约空间，并且防破坏和防受损的系统既敏感有节能，提供了被动的自动调节。

第26页：热舒适的定义

LOGOContentsThermal comfort can be defined as the state of mind wheresatisfaction is felt with the thermal environment.

热舒适可以定义为：人们对热环境感到满意时的精神状态。

Research shows that people feel most comfortable when theirfeet are a little warmer than their heads.

研究表明，脚比头略微温暖时，人感觉更舒服。

Independent tests reveal that the most acceptable indoorclimate is one in which the floor temperature ranges between19~29℃and the air temperature at heat level ranges between20~24℃.单独进行的实验表明，人可接受的最佳室内气候条件是地板温度范围为19℃至29℃，头部位置的空气温度为20℃至24℃.

第27页：舒适区与个体差异

LOGOContentsHowever, since individuality isintegralto all human activity it isnot possible to specify one set of environmental conditions whichwill meet all cases.

然而，由于个人兴趣爱好是一切人类活动必不可少的，因此不可能规定一套满足各种情况的环境条件。

The best results we are likely to achieve depend on a 5%dissatisfaction factor.

我们能够达到的最佳结果取决于5%的不满意因素。

There is no temperature that will please everyone, but we canaim to establish acomfort zone(适宜室温[范围])that will satisfythe highest possible percentage of those using area.

不存在使每个人都满意的温度。

但是，我们可以以建立一个舒适区域为目标，使最大数量处于这个区域的人感到满意。

第28页：竖向温度梯度问题

LOGOContentsWith radiator or convector heating systemsvertical([′və:tikəl]adj.垂直的,竖的)temperature gradient is produced; colder at footlevel than at the head.

在辐射散热器或对流散热器的供热系统中，产生竖向温度梯度，地板处比头部冷。

A modern indoor climate surely demands a heating systemwhich will match the required conditions for human thermalcomfort with the principle heating effect being evenly distributed atground level and not above head level.

现代室内气候条件无疑需要一种与人类热舒适条件相匹配的供热系统，即热效应均匀分配在地面而不是头部。

第29页：加热地面的影响

LOGOContentsWe have seen that warm feet create good sensations, so let usexamine the effect upon the indoor climate if we warm the wholefloor to just the right temperature.

我们已经看到，温暖的脚部会产生良好的感觉，因此，让我们来考察一下，如果把整个地面加热到恰当的温度，将对室内气候产生什么影响。

We have touched on improvements in building standards but noamount ofinsulation([′insju′leiʃən]n.隔绝，绝缘，隔音，绝缘、隔热或隔音等的材料)can change the laws of physics-heat stillrises.

我们已经设计到对建筑物标准的改进，然而无论怎么保温也不能改变物理学规律——热仍然上升。

第30页：绝热与三种传热形式

LOGOContentsEfficient insulation will, however, serve to trap heat above headlevel in an area where it can make no contribution to humancomfort.

但是有效的绝热会把热量截留在对舒适无用的头部以上的区域。

Solving this problem involves a close study of the three types ofheat available to us.

要解决这个问题涉及到仔细研究我们可以利用的三种形式的热。

Radiant heat provides the most pleasure sensation of comfort.

辐射热提供了最令人满意的舒适感觉。

第31页：辐射热与传导热

LOGOContentsIt contributes to theexhilaration([iɡ′zilə′reiʃən]n.令人高兴,愉快)of a walk in the spring sunshine even though the ambient airtemperature may be only a few degrees abovefreezing([′fri:ziŋ]adj.

严寒的).有助于增加人们在春天阳光下散步的情趣，虽然环境温度只比冰点高几度。

We humans also respond well to conducted heat-the-cat-likepleasure that comes from the warmth of a hot water bottle or justcuddling up(蜷缩着睡)to another person.

我们对传导热反应良好，给人一种好像抱着热水瓶或依偎在别人怀中而得到像猫似的愉快感觉。

第32页：热对流与设计标准

LOGOContentsLastly, there is convected heat caused by the effects of theradiation and conduction warming the air and causing it to rise.

最后还有一种是空气温暖并使空气上升的辐射和传导效应而引起的热对流。

By using all three types of heat in association we can achievevery high levels of thermal comfort.

通过综合使用这三种热，就可达到高水平的热舒适度。

The normal criterion for heating design is to achieve a specifiedair temperature against the given heat loss of the building at aspecified outsideambienttemperature.

供热系统设计的正常标准是获得指定的气温。

这个指定的气温是指在一定的室外气温下，抵消建筑物一定热耗后的气温。

第33页：较低空气温度的接受度

LOGOContentsWhen designing a floor heating system, however, low airtemperature may be acceptable because of the higher level ofoverall radiation and the added benefit of conduction from warm,friendly floors.

在设计地板辐射供热系统时，由于全面辐射程度较高以及温暖便利的地板导热，较低的空气温度也是可以接受的。

In modern, well insulated building the temperature of the floorsurface need be only just above air temperature in order toachieve the required comfort factor.

在现代保温良好的建筑物中，地板表面温度只需略高于空气温度就可以获得所需舒适因素。

第34页：低速对流的优势

LOGOContentsThese low temperature differentials result in gentle, low velocityconvection throughout the entire building.

这些小的温差在整个建筑物中引起了轻微的低速对流。

Low velocity convection reduces the amount of dust in the air incomparison with other types of heating.

与其他形式的供热形式相比较，低速对流减少了空气中的灰尘量。

There areinaccessible([inæk′sesəbl]adj.达不到的,不可及的)areas behind radiators or convectors where dust or dirt cancollect. It is also cost efficient to operate.

不存在那种辐射像散热器或对流散热器后面那样的灰尘或污垢聚集而清扫不到的地方，而且运行成本也比较低。

第35页：消除高速对流的效益

LOGOContentsEliminating high velocity convection means there will be nostack of high temperature air above level.

消除高速对流意味着在人头部空间将没有聚集的高温空气团。

A heated floor is a radiant plane: subjects standing on it willtherefore receive the benefit of all round radiation.

加热地板是一个辐射面，面上的物体将受到全方位辐射的益处。

A high level of radiant comfort means that air temperature canactually be slightly lower with a floor heating system than thoseusually required for other methods of heating.

高水平的辐射舒适意味着使用地板辐射供热系统时，其室内空气温度实际上可以略低于采用其他供热方法通常所需的温度。

第36页：辐射传导对流的综合效果

LOGOContentsRadiation, conduction and convection combine to create theideal thermal environment for health and comfort.

辐射、传导和对流综合起来，为健康和舒适创造了理想的热环境。

To warm heat from the feet of Health, Chinese medicine called"the second leg for the human heart", "Point-intensive areas.

"地暖是热从脚生，中医学称“脚为人体第二心脏”的“穴位密集区”。

第37页：地暖的保健与正确使用

LOGOContentsSo to warm the body can promote blood circulation, andenhanceendocrine, played the role of human disease to health,can play in winter heating, the role of summermoisture, theproper use of water floor radiant heating system is essential, theuse of good green, environmental protection , energy, health,Habitat heating the best choice.

因此地暖能促进人体血液循环，增强内分泌，起到人体防病保健作用，能起到冬天供暖，夏天防潮作用，正确使用水系统地面辐射供暖至关重要，使用好了是绿色、环保、节能、保健，人居采暖的最好选择。