第1页：混凝土施工的质量控制
- Chapter 6 Construction EngineeringExtreme care is necessary for preparation, transport,plating and finish of concrete in construction works.It isimportant to note that only a bit of care and supervisionmake a great difference between good and bad concrete.The following factors may be kept in mind in concretingworks.
- 注意到少量的留意和监督就会使混凝土质量的好坏产生很大的差异，这一点很重要。
混凝土施工中，以下因素应当紧记。Section A Construction of Concrete Works极度重视施工过程中混凝土的准备、运输、浇筑及浇筑完成等工作是必需的。
第2页：混凝土的搅拌
- The mixing of ingredients shall be done in a mixer asspecified in the contract. The following sequence of chargingthemixermay be adopted.
- 搅拌各组成材料应当按合同中的规定在搅拌机中搅拌。
- Method of charging:◆Five to ten percent of the total quantity of waterrequired for mixing, adequate to wet the drum thoroughly,shall be introduced before the other ingredients in orderto percent any caking of cement on the blades or sides ofthe mixer.
- （1）装料方法：◆在其他组成材料加入之前，用总的搅拌用水量的5%～10%，充分浸湿滚筒，可以降低搅拌叶片和滚筒内壁的粘灰率。
第3页：搅拌用水量的分配
- All dry ingredients shall be simultaneously rebonned intothemixer in such a manner that the period of flow for eachingredient is about the same.Eighty to ninety percent of thetotal quantity of water required for mixing shall be addeduniformly with the dry ingredients.
- .◆80%～90%的总用水量要与干料均匀地拌合。
- Theremainingquantityofwatershallbeaddedafteralltheotheringredientsareinthemixer.Cobblesorportionofthecoarseaggregate,howevermaybeaddedlast.
- ◆剩下的水要在所有其他组成材料全部进入搅拌机后加入。
◆而卵石或粗骨料部分要最后加入。
第4页：混凝土的装卸与输送
- Handling and ConveyingThe handling＆conveying of concrete from the mixer to the place offinal deposit shall be done as rapidly as practicable and without anyobjectionable separation or loss of ingredients.Whenever thelength of haul from the mixing plant to the place of deposit is suchthat the concreteunduly(['ʌn'dju:li] ad.不适当地,过度地)compacts orsegregates, suitableagitatorsshall be installed in the conveyingsystem.Where concrete is being conveyed onchutesor on belts,the free fall or drop shall be limited to 5 ft.(or 150 cm.) unlessotherwise permitted. The concrete shall be placed in position within30 minutes of its removal from the mixer.
- 装卸输送混凝土混凝土从搅拌机到最终浇筑位置期间的装卸运输应当既快又好地完成，混凝土成份没有离析或损失。
无论什么时候，从搅拌设备到浇筑地点之间的距离，不应使混凝土变稠或离析，运输系统中要安装合适的搅拌器。带进行传送，除非允许，否则自由下落高度应当控制在5英尺（或合150cm）。混凝土应当在30分钟内从搅拌机运送到浇筑地点。混凝土应通过斜槽或输
第5页：浇筑前的检查
- Placing ConcreteNoconcrete shall be placed until the place of deposit hasbeen thoroughly inspected and approved, all reinforcement,insertsand embedded metal properly security in position andchecked, and forms thoroughly wetted(expect in freezingweather) or oiled.Placing shall be continued withoutavoidable interruption while the section is completed orsatisfactory construction joint made.
- 浇筑混凝土浇筑混凝土之前，浇筑地点必须经过完全的检查并经允许，所有钢筋、预埋件及内置金属恰当可靠地安装到位并经检查合格，模板完全浸湿（冰雪天气除外）或上油。
有间断地连续进行，浇筑部分完整，或接缝可靠。浇筑混凝土应当没
第6页：分层浇筑与压实
Within FormsConcrete shall besystematicallydeposited in shallowlayers and at such rate as to maintain, until the completion of the unit, aplastic surface approximately horizontal throughout.Each layer shall bethoroughly compacted before placing the succeeding layer. In general, thethickness of layers shall not exceed the following limits.:(1) Vibrated mass concrete 45cm.(or 18 in.)(2) Hand compacted mass concrete 30cm.(or 12 in.)(3) Reinforced concrete 25cm.(or 10 in.
- (1) Vibrated mass concrete 45cm.(or 18 in.)
- (2) Hand compacted mass concrete 30cm.(or 12 in.)
- (3) Reinforced concrete 25cm.(or 10 in.
每一层混凝土应当在后一层浇筑前进行压实。通常，每一层的厚度不应当超过以下控制：（1）振动混凝土45cm（或18英尺）（2）人工压实混凝土30cm（或12英尺）（3）钢筋混凝土25cm（或10英尺）
第7页：混凝土的密实
- Concrete shall be thoroughly compacted by meansof suitable tools during and immediately after depositing. Theconcrete shall be worked around all reinforcement,embedded fixtures, and into the comers of the forms.Everyprecaution shall be taken to keep the reinforcement andembedded metal in proper position and to prevent distortion.
- 密实方法混凝土在浇筑期间或立即在浇筑后利用合适的工具进行密实。
混凝土应密实地包裹钢筋及内置夹具，填满新支设的模板空间。其变形。要采取措施保证钢筋和预埋金属的准确位置，以及防止
第8页：混凝土的振捣
- Wherever practicable, concrete shall be internally vibratedwithin the forms, or in the mass, in order to increase the plasticity as tocompact effectively to improve the surface texture and appearance, and tofacilitate placing of the concrete.
- .振捣混凝土浇筑过程中，应保证在模板内进行内部振捣,来增加其可塑性，便于混凝土的浇筑。
- The intensity and duration of vibration shall be sufficient to causecomplete settlement and compaction without any stratification ofthe successive layers or separation of ingredients.Preliminaryexperiments in vibrating shall be conducted under actual conditionsof mix and placement in order to determine the optimum durationand method of vibration, as well as to develop the necessary skill.
- 应当在实际拌合与浇筑的条件下进行初步的振捣试验，以确定振捣的最佳时间和振捣方法，还可改进必要的技能。
第9页：振捣的终止判断
- Vibration shall be continued the entire batch melts to auniform appearance and the surface just starts toglisten.Aminute film ofcement pasteshall be discernible between theconcrete and the form and around the reinforcement.Overvibration causing segregation, unnecessarybleedingorformation oflaitanceshall be avoided.
- 振捣应持续到整批混凝土完全混合，外观均匀且表面开始泛光。
在混凝土与模板间以及钢筋周围，可以看出一薄层水泥浆膜。过度的振捣会引起离析、不必要的泌水，或生成浮浆，这些都应避免。
第10页：养护与成品保护
养护与成品保护应当保护全部混凝土，防止损伤。暴露在空气中的混凝土成品表面至少应当在浇筑完成后72小时内采取保护措施，防止由于太阳照射引起的受热和干燥。Curing and ProtectionAll concrete shall be protected against injury. Exposed finishedsurfaces of concrete shall be protected against heating and dryingfrom the sun for at least 72 hours after placement.
第11页：水平表面的湿养护
- Horizontal and approximately horizontal surfaces shall becured by sprinkling or by covering with damp sand, or bythe use of wet sacks which satisfactorily retain therequired amount of water for curing purposes.Wheredamp sand or sack cover is used for curing, it shall becompletely removed later. Water curing shall be used onall concrete in dams and shall be applied by means ofspray or sprinklers to cover the entire area of theconcrete.
- 表面为水平或近似水平的混凝土，是通过洒水或覆盖湿砂进行养护的，或利用含要求数量水的湿布袋进行养护。
养护用的湿
第12页：密封养护剂的使用
- In special cases, such as powerhouses, the use of anapproved, properly-applied sealing compound on limited areasshall be permitted. Thecuring compoundshall be of thesurfacemembranetype which shall thoroughly seal theconcrete surface.Curing compound shall not be used on jointswhere bonding is required.
- 在一些特殊情况下，如发电厂的混凝土施工，在一定范围内适当使用经过许可的密封剂是可以的。
表层膜式的养护剂将完全密封混凝土表面。需要结合的施工缝处不得使用养护剂。
第13页：养护剂的施工要求
- The concrete surface shall be thoroughly wetted beforeapplying the compound.All surfaces covered with curingcompound shall be protected from traffic or injury of thesealing coat until expiration of the curing period. All methodsused for curing shall leave the concrete free from anydiscolourationor damage to the concrete.
- 在使用养护剂之前混凝土表面要完全湿润。
要保护涂有养护剂的混凝土表面，防止在养护期期满之前通行或密封层受损。所有养护方法都将使混凝土免遭污染和破坏。
第14页：施工机械的作用
IntroductionThe activities involved in construction projects wherethe magnitude of the work is on a large scale, speedy workand timely completion of work with quality control are veryvital.In order to achieve this, mechanization of work has tobe done, where construction machinery & equipment playa pivotal role.The need for mechanization arises due to thefollowing reasons:Section B Construction Equipment
大型施工项目的施工能够在满足质量要求条件下快速、按时完成是非常重要的。为达到此要求，必需要使用机械设备，施工机械设备，施工机械及设备在这种场合下发挥非常重要的作用。对施工机械需求不断增长的主要取决于如下因素：
第15页：机械化施工的考虑因素
◆Magnitude & complexity of the Project
项目的规模大小及复杂程度◆Projects involving large quantities of material handling.大量建筑材料的装运◆Complexity of projects using high grade materials.使用高级材料项目的复杂程度.高质量标准.◆High quality standards.◆Importance of keeping the time schedules. .保证工期的重要程度.◆Optimum use of material, manpower and finance最佳使用材料、人员及资金情况.缺少技术好、劳动效率高的工作人员◆Shortage of skilled and efficient manpower..
第16页：施工设备的选择
Equipment SelectionOne of the most important tasks in the pre-construtionplaning process is equipment selection. There are manyvariables to consider when selecting equipment. Followingfactors should be considered at the time of selectingconstruction equipment:设备选择在施工准备阶段，设备的选择是最重要的任务之一。考虑什么时候选择设备有许多因素。在选择设备时应当考虑以下因素：◆The Equipment should be standard equipment if possible.设备应当尽可能是标准设备；◆It should give the best service at low cost.
该设备应当以较低的成本提供最好的服务；
第17页：设备尺寸的确定
- Its unit cost of production should be moderate.产品的单位成本应当适中◆It should be easily repairable with lowshutdown period（停工期）.容易修理且停机时间短；◆It should be easily disposed off.应当容易处理掉；◆It should suit the majority of the requirements of the job.性能应当符合大部分施工作业的要求；具有多功能◆It should be capable of doing more than one function◆It should be of moderate size, as they have fewermoving parts and have low working cost.
- 由于移动部分较少、工作成本较低，设备尺寸应当适中。
第18页：设备购买与租赁决策
- Considering the above, one can either purchase or hirethe equipment. If the equipment is to be used frequentlyand for a long duration of time on the project, it proves tobe economical to purchase the equipment.On the contrary,if the equipment is to be used occasionally and for a shortduration of time on the project, it proves to be economicalto get it hired.
- 针对以上因素，人们选择购买或者是租赁设备。
如果某设备经常使用，或者是在项目中使用较长时间，则购买设备证明比较经济。相反，如果设备偶尔使用，或在项目中使用时间很短，则则租赁设备变得比较经济。
第19页：施工机械的分类
- It is customary to classify construction machines inaccordance with their functions such ashoisting, excavating,hauling, grading, paving,drilling, or pile driving.
- 通常施工机械按照其功能进行分类，如提升、挖掘、搬运、平整、铺路、钻孔，或打桩。
Type of Construction Equipments
第20页：新型施工机械的发展
- Design emphasis for new machines is on modifications thatincrease speed, efficiency, and accuracy (particularly throughmore sophisticated controls); that improve operator comfort andsafety; and that protect the public throughsound attenuationand emission control.The selection of a machine for a specificjob is mainly a question of economics and depends primarily onthe ability of the machine to complete the job efficiently, andsecondarily on its availability.
- 对于新型施工机械的设计，则强调在速度、效率以及精确度（尤其通过先进技术控制）上加以改进，并且在改善操作人员舒适度和安全性，以及消音和排放控制等保护公众健康方面也要加以改进。
为某项具体工作而选择机械是经济学问题，首先取决于有效完成工作的机械设备的能力，其次取决于该设备的可利用性。
第21页：土方机械与推土机
- Earth-moving machines.The equipment used in heavyconstruction, especially civil engineering projects, which oftenrequire the moving of millions of cubic meters of earth. Theremoval of earth or material from the bottoms of bodies of wateris performed by dredges.
- 土方机械大型工程中尤其是那些需要经常移动数百万方土方的土木工程施工项目中使用的一种设备，从水底挖土或其他材料，需要由挖泥船来完成。
- The primary earth-moving machine is theheavy-duty tractor,which, when fitted withendlesstracksto grip the ground andwith a large, movablebladeattached in front, is called abulldozer.Bulldozers are used to clear brush ordebris, removeboulders,and level ground.
- 主要的挖土机械是重型拖拉机，当其装备夹紧地面的环状履带，前部安装可移动的铲刀时，就成了推土机。
推土机用来清理碎屑、移动砾石和平整地面的。
第22页：铲运机
- Ascraperis a machine that may be pulled by a tractor or maybe self-powered. It consists of a blade and a box or container.Dirtis scraped by the blade into the container; the dirt may then bereleased so as to form an even layer of a predeterminedthickness, or be carried off for disposal elsewhere. Scrapers areused to level land, as in road construction.
- 铲运机是一种由拖拉机牵引或自行式的机械，由铲刀和盛料斗组成。
铲刀将泥土铲入盛料斗，然后运到指定位置卸下，以便形成预定厚度的垫层，或是运走随地处理掉。铲运机用来平整场地，在道路工程中也有同样的应用。
第23页：平地机
- Somewhat similar to scrapers aregraders, self-propelled,wheeled machines with a long, inclined, vertically adjustable steelblade.Graders are primarilyfinishing equipment（精整设备）;they level earth already moved into position by bulldozers andscrapers. Lightweight tractors fitted with wheels in place of tracksare used for comparatively light construction jobs.
- 与铲运机有些类似的是平地机，一种装有长而倾斜的、垂直方向可调整的钢制铲刀。
平地机是主要的精整设备，平整已经经过推土机和铲土机施工过场地。履带位置处装有轮胎的轻型拖拉机，用于规模较小的施工任务。
第24页：反铲与前端装载机
- Equipped with abackhoe（[`bækhəʊ]n.反向铲）, whichis an openscoopattached rigidly to a hingedboom,such a vehicle can dig shallow trenches; equipped withafront-endloader, a scoop shovel affixed to the front ofthe tractor, it can lift and carry gravel, stone, sand, andother construction materials.
- 反铲是一种与铰链吊臂附着坚固的后铲，这种机械能够开挖浅沟；前端转载机是一种推土机前端装有铲斗的机械，它能够举起和运输碎石、石头、砂子和其它施工材料。
第25页：拉铲挖土机与动力挖掘机
- Draglinesand powershovelsare the primary forms ofexcavation equipment. A dragline is fitted with an open scoopsupported from the end of a long boom by a wire cable.Thescoop is dragged along the ground by the cable until it is filledwith earth, which is then dumped elsewhere. Draglines are usedprimarily to excavate deep holes.Power shovels are fitted withbucketscalledclamshells, which dig into the earth and shovelit up. The bottom of the clamshell opens to dump the dirt into atruck for removal.
- 拉铲挖土机和动力挖掘机是主要形式的土方机械。
拉铲挖土机装有通过连接长悬臂端部的缆绳固定的料斗。料斗沿着地面由缆绳牵引直到装满了土，在将这些土倒掉。拉铲挖土机主要用于开挖深坑。动力挖掘机装有称为抓斗的铲斗，该铲斗掘进土中，并将土挖掉。
第26页：起重设备的类型
- Hoisting equipment.This class of equipment is used toraise or lower materials from one elevation to another or to movethem from one point to another over anobstruction([əb'strʌkʃən]n.障碍，妨碍，闭塞).The main types of hoisting equipment arederricks, cranes, elevators, andconveyors.
- 起重设备这种设备用于从一个高度向另一个高度提升或降低材料的高度，或越过障碍从一处向另一处转移材料。
提升设备的主要类型有桅杆式起重机、缆索起重机、吊车、升降机，以及传送带。
第27页：起重机与升降机的区别
- Mechanisms for raising and lowering material withintermittent motion while holding the material freelysuspended.Hoisting machines are capable of pickingup loads at one location and depositing them at anotheranywhere within a limited area.In contrast, elevatingmachines move their loads only in a fixed vertical path,andmonorailsoperate on a fixed horizontal path ratherthan over a limited area.
- 操纵重物在空中升降的机械装置。
起重机能够在有限的范围内将重物从一处提起，堆积到另一处。相反，升降机只能沿一段固定的垂直路线移动重物，而单轨索道只能在某一固定的线路上运送重物（并非像起重机那样可以在一个有限的范围内进行随意操纵重物）
第28页：起重机械的组成
- The principal components of hoisting machines are:sheavesandpulleys, for the hoisting mechanisms;winchesandhoists,for the power units; and derricks and cranes, for the structuralelements.
- 起重机械主要组成为：起重装置是滑轮和滑车；动力装置是卷扬机和绞车；结构部分是起重机和吊车。
第29页：滑轮与滑车
- Sheaves and pulleys or blocks are a means of applying powerthrough a rope, wire, cable, or chain. Sheaves are wheels with agroovedperipherythat change the direction or the point ofapplication of a force transmitted by means of a rope or cable.Pulleys are made up of one or more sheavesmountedin aframe, usually with an attaching swivel hook, eye, or similardevice at one or both ends. Pulley systems are a combination ofblocks.
- 滑轮、滑车或吊链通过绳子、钢丝、缆绳或锁链来施加动力。
滑轮表面开槽，这可以通过绳索来改变力的作用方向和作用点。滑车由安装在结构中的一个或多个小轮组成，通常在一端或两端还附加转沟、吊环或类似的装置。滑车系统由吊链组成。
第30页：卷扬机与绞车
- Normally, winches are designed for stationary service, whilehoists are mounted so that they can be moved about, for example,on wheeltrolleysin connection with overhead crane operations.A winch is basically a drum or cylinder around whichcordageiscoiled for hoisting or hauling. The drum may be operated eithermanually or by power, using aworm gearandworm wheel, oraspur geararrangement.Aratchetandpawlprevent the loadfrom slipping; large winches are equipped with brakes, usually ofthe external band type.
- 通常，卷扬机设计成固定装置，而绞车是悬挂的，所以，它们能够移动，例如在同上方起重机械相连的带轮小车上运动。
一台卷扬机基本由转筒或卷筒构成，周围卷绕钢丝绳来提升或牵引。转筒可能手工操作或是动力操作，通过涡轮或直齿轮进行调节。棘齿和倒齿可以防止负荷滑动；大型卷扬机还装有制动器，通常是外带式制动器。
第31页：桅杆式起重机
- A derrick is distinguished by amast（n.桅杆）in the form of aslanting（倾斜的）boompivotedat its lower end and carryingload-supportingtackleat its outer end.In contrast,jib cranes（回转起重机）always have horizontal booms. Derricks are standardequipment on construction jobs; they are also used on freightersfor loading and unloading cargo, and on barges for dredgingoperations.Hoisting machines with a bridgelike structurespanning the area over which they operate areoverhead-traveling（桥式起重机）organtry cranes（龙门起重机）.
- 桅杆式起重机的特征是桅杆倾斜，桅杆底端转动，外面一端承受荷载。
相反，回转起重机桅杆是垂直的。桅杆式起重机是施工项目中标准的设备；这种设备也用于船上的装货与卸货，以及驳船上的挖泥施工。装有桥状结构的上方横跨其操作范围的起重机械是桥式起重机或龙门起重机。
