13 Chapter 13 Energy and Environment Engineering.pptx

第1页：第十三章能源与环境工程

Chapter 13 Energy andEnvironment EngineeringSection A Energy and Environment

第2页：人类需求与自然环境

Production is the basis for the existence and the developmentof human society.

生产是人类社会存在和发展的基础。

Human needs are constantly growing and in order to satisfythese needs, maninteracts with(与…相互作用、相互影响) andaffects the natural environment in a variety of ways, both positiveand negative.

人类的需求是不断增加的，为了满足这些需要，人类以各种各样的方式与自然环境相互作用并且影响着，这些影响是积极或消极的。

第3页：自然资本与能源危机

At the same time, the natural environmental resources of water,soil, plant and animal life constitute the natural capital on whichman depends to satisfy his needs.

与此同时，人满足他的需要取决于自然环境资源的水，土壤，植物和动物的生命构成的自然资本。

By the rapid change of the world’s energy and environmentsituation, we can obviously find out, the amount of naturalresources is falling in an unacceptable speed, which we can callan energy crisis.

随着世界能源和环境的迅速变化，我们可以明显发现，大量的自然资源是以不可接受的速度减少，我们可以称之为能源危机。

第4页：资源过度开发的后果

if some natural resources are overexploited, the stock will fallrapidly, leading ultimately to the complete destruction of theresource.

如果一些自然资源过度开发，股市将迅速下跌，最终导致彻底破坏资源。

Many otherscenarios([si′nɑ:riəu]n.情况，方案)can begenerated in-between, some of which assume an improvedenergy base for the developing world.

这其中可能会出现多种不同的情形，其中之一是假定发展中国家对能源利用率的提高。

第5页：全球能源消耗分布

The growth of energy demandin response to(为了响应)industrialization,urbanization([′ə:bənai′zeiʃən]n.都市化), andsocietal affluence has led to an extremely uneven globaldistribution of primary energy consumption.

伴随着工业化、城市化的不断发展以及社会富裕程度的增强而导致的对能源需求量的日益增长，使得全球对初级能源的消耗量的分布变得极不均匀。

第6页：能源未来的研究

Energy analysts have conducted many studies of global energyfutures to the years 2020-2030.

能源分析家对2020年至2030年全球能源未来进行过许多研究。

Such studies do not provide forecasts of future energy needs,but they explore how various technical, economic, andenvironmental factors mayinteract with(与…相互作用、相互影响)supply and demand.

虽然这些研究并未对未来能源的需求量做出预测，但它们对各种技术、经济和环境因素与能源的供给和需求量之间的可能的作用关系进行了探索。

第7页：低能耗与高能耗情景

In general, the lower scenarios require an energy efficiencyrevolution. The higher scenariosaggravate([′ ægrəveit]vt.恶化，使更严重)the environmental pollution problems that we haveexperienced since the Second World War.

一般而言，较低的能耗需要提高能源的利用率，而较高的能耗将加重自二次世界大战以来人们所经历过的环境污染问题。

The environmental risks and uncertainties of high energy in thefuture are also disturbing and give rise to several reservations.

未来的高能耗所带来的环境危机和不确定性同样是混乱，而且会导致其他问题。

第8页：四类环境危机

First, the serious probability of climate change generated bythe ‘greenhouse effect’ of gases emitted to the atmosphere, themost important of which is carbon dioxide produced from thecombustion of fossil fuels.

第一，由于向大气排放多种气体，尤其是矿物燃料燃烧过程中产生的二氧化碳，所产生的温室效应极可能改变气候。

Second, urban industrial air pollution is caused by atmosphericfrom combustion of fossil fuels.

第二，由于矿物燃料燃烧所产生的大气污染物而导致城市工业空气污染。

第9页：环境酸化与核能风险

Third,acidification([ə ′ sidifi ′ keiʃən]n.酸化)of the environmentis caused by the same reasons.

第三，由于上述同样的原因引起的环境酸化问题。

Fourth, the risks ofnuclear reactor(核反应堆)accidents, theproblems of waste disposal and dismantling of reactors after theirservice life is over, and the dangerous of proliferation associatedwith the use of nuclear energy.

第四，核反应堆事故的危险性，核反应堆使用期结束后废弃物处置及设施的拆除造成的问题，与核能利用有关的核扩散的危险等。

第10页：应对能源危机的措施

Most of the countries in the world havemadegreatcontribution(贡献)in solving the energy crisis by many waysincluding appealing less coal, natural gas and oil use.

世界上大多数国家已经通过很多方法在解决能源危机上做出了巨大贡献，包括呼吁减少煤、天然气和石油使用。

The world shall not only think about renewable resources,which have ignored the growing scale in demand of energy in thefuture, but also consider ways to use the energy in higherefficiency, in order to maximize the usage of every singlejoule([dʒu:l]n.焦耳[功、能量的单位])of power as well.

世界不应该仅仅考虑可再生资源，忽略了未来对能源需求的增加，而且还应该考虑如何利用能源的效率更高，以便最大限度地使用每一个焦耳能量。

第11页：低能耗高效率的实现路径

Thecrucial([′ kru:ʃəl]adj.决定性的，关键的)point about theselower, energy efficient futures is not whether they are perfectlyrealizable in their proposed timeframes([freim]n.

框架，计划).低能耗、高效率未来的关键点并不是他们是否能在建议的时间框架内得以充分的实现。

Fundamental political andinstitutional([′ insti ′ tju:ʃənəl]adj.公共机构的，制度上的)shifts are required torestructure([′ ri: ′strʌktʃə]vt.调整)investment potential in order to move along theselower, more energy-efficient paths.

要求在政治上和机构上做出根本性的变革，重新调整投资潜势，以走上低能耗以及更高效率的道路。

第12页：低能耗高效率的可行性

The World environment and Development Committee believesthat there is no other realistic option open to the world for the 21stcentury. The ideas behind these lower scenarios are notfanciful([′ fænsiful]adj.

奇异的，空想的).世界环境和发展委员会相信，21世纪的世界没有其他现实的选择。

低能耗、高效率的思想并非是异想天开。In many industrial countries, the primary energy required toproduce a unit of GDP has fallen by as much as a quarter or evena third over the last 13years, much of it from implementing energyefficiency measures.在许多工业化国家，产生一个单位GDP所需的初级能源在过去的13年中已经减少四分之一乃至三分之一，而其中大多数是因为采取了提高能源利用率措施的结果。

第13页：工业化国家的节能成效

Properly managed, efficiency measures could allow industrialnations to stabilize their primary energy consumption by the turnof the century.

本世纪初，工业化国家通过合理的管理及采用提高能源利用率的措施而使其初级能源的消耗量得以基本稳定。

They would also enable developing countries to achieve higherlevels of growth with much reduced levels of investment, foreigndebt, and environmental damage.

它们也同样使发展中国家实现更高增长速率，同时大大降低投资、减少外债、缓解环境危害。

第14页：能源与环境的关联

But by the early decades of the 21st century they will notalleviate the ultimate need for substantial new energy suppliesglobally.

但在二十一世纪的最初几十年中，它们不能最终缓解全球范围内对大量新能源的需求量。

In conclusion, energy and environment cannot be solvedseparated.

总之，能源和环境不能分开来解决。

There is delicacy connection between them; as a result, weshould consider both problems while thinking solutions.

它们之间有着微妙的联系，因此，我们应该考虑这两个问题，同时考虑解决方案。

第15页：Section B 大气污染

Chapter 13 Energy andEnvironment EngineeringSection B Air Pollution

第16页：洁净空气与污染物

Quantitative discussions of air pollution are hampered by thelack of a clear definition for ‘clean air’.

关于对空气污染的定量研讨，由于缺乏对“洁净空气”的明确定义而有困难。

If this is clean air, then anyconstituent([kən′stitjuənt]n.成分,构成部分,要素)of air can be called a pollutant.

如果这种空气就是洁净空气，那么空气中的任何成分都可以称为污染物。

第17页：污染的来源与形态

It may thus be moreappropriate to(将[某物]分配给…)defineair pollutants as those substances which exist in suchconcentrations as to cause an unwanted effect.因此将那些足以产生有害影响的有一定浓度的物质定义为空气污染物或许比较恰当These pollutants can be natural or man-made and can be in theform of gases orparticulates(n.微粒；adj.

微粒的).这些污染可能来自自然界或者人类自己。

它们可能是气态，或者是颗粒状。

第18页：自然界造成的污染

There have been many times when people have been forced toseek shelter indoors during a severesandstorm([′sændstɔ:m]n.沙暴,沙漠地带的暴风沙), when the wind-borne ash fromerupting([i′rʌpt]vi.爆发,喷发)volcanoes([vɔl′keinəu]n.火山)encompassed([in′kʌmpəs]vt.围绕，包围)large portions of thesurface of the earth.

当由于火山爆发的风媒灰大部分涵盖了地球表面时，很多时候，在严重的沙尘暴期间人们被迫躲在屋子里。

The smoke from the forest fires was so intense that air flightshad to be canceled in many cities.

森林火灾所产生的烟雾十分激烈，许多城市的航班不得不取消。

第19页：污染加剧的三大因素

While, air pollution is not a new phenomenon, it is nowapparent that it is one of our most rapidly growing environmentalproblems.

虽然污染并不是一种新的现象，但现在，它显然是飞速恶化的环境问题之一。

What are the factors contributing to this ratherrecent trend(近代趋势)toward deterioration of the air environment?在大气环境最近趋近于恶化的过程中期作用的因素是什么呢？There are three major underlying factors which serve to explainthis condition.

主要有下列三大因素，可以说明这个问题。

第20页：人口增长与工业扩张

The upward trends in population growth in the Unites States,since World WarⅡ, have indeed beenimpressive([im′presiv]adj.

给人印象深刻的,感人的).第二次世界大战以来，美国人口增长的趋势，确实令人难以忘怀。

The second one isexpansion([iks′pænʃən]n.扩大，扩张)inindustry and technology.

第二个因素是工业和技术的扩展。

The growth of industrial activity, in the same period, has likewise beenremarkable([ri′mɑ:kəbl]adj.异常的，引人注目的，不寻常的)in terms of expansion of existing plant capacity, and theincrease in number of new manufacturing establishments.

从现有工厂生产能力的扩大和新的制造加工企业数目的增加来看，同一时期工业活动的增加也同样引人注目。

第21页：新工艺带来的废物

In addition, there has been the introduction of a great numberof new processes, methods and products.

另外，还引进了大量的新工艺、新方法和新产品。

The nature of the airborne wastes from some of these newtechnologies was completely unknown untiladverse effects(反作用)on man and his environment suddenly becamemanifest([′mænifest]vt.清楚表示，显露；adj.

明白的，明显的).由这些新技术的一部分所带来的空中废物，直到在它们对人类及其环境的有害影响突然变得明显滞后，人们对此才有所了解。

第22页：污染认知与治理滞后

In most cases, the raw materials and by-products waste initiallywere of unknowntoxicity([ tɔk′sisiti]n.毒性)and knowledge ofthe methods and procedures forabatement([ə′beitmənt]n.消除)of resulting pollution problems; aged far behind the technologyof manufacture.

在大多数情况下，人们最初并不知道其原料和副产品废料所具有的毒性；同时有关怎么缓和所产生污染问题的方法与步骤等方面的知识，也远远落后于制造加工技术。

The combination of increasing quantities of atmosphericemissions([i′miʃən]n.排放(物)), including material of undefinedcharacter, compounded the growth and complexity of atmosphericpollution.

大量增加的空中排放物，包括特性不明的各种物质相互结合，又促使大气污染恶化和复杂化。

第23页：人口向都市集中

Theunrelenting([′ʌnri′lentiŋ]adj.持续不断的,不松懈的,不屈不挠的)movement of people from rural sections into urban centershas led to the rapid evolution of cities into large metropolitancomplexes.

人们竭力从农村地区迁到都市中心居住已导致城市飞快地发展成为大都会。

第24页：人口与工商业密度

The result of this development is an ever increasing density ofpopulation and of industrial and commercial activity.

而发展结果是人口、工商业活动密度不断增加。

Thus, the producers of airborne pollutants now, more than everbefore, reside in close proximity to the potential receptors.

这样，空中污染物的制造者比以前更多，而又与可能的接受体很靠近。

第25页：生活水平提高的影响

The other social factor which has indirectly contributed to theintensification([in′tensifi′keiʃən]n.激烈化,增强明暗度)of airpollution over relatively recent years has been raising standard ofliving which has prevailed during this period.

近几年来间接促使大气污染强化的另一社会因素，是这段时期中人们生活水平的普遍提高。

Few families today are without a car, television set, refrigeration,automatic washing machines, etc.

大部分人口在经济上已经能过上较好的生活，包括高质量的食品、住房、交通工具和种种省力装置。

第26页：包装与固体废物处理

Greater use of paper, plastic and similar materials for singleservice containers, and for packaging food and numerousdomestic and commercial products of everyday life is placingenormous demands on solid waste disposal facilities.

更多的使用纸、塑料和类似的材料作专用容器以及食品和大量生活用品的包装，极其需要固体废物处理设施。

Open burning(露天焚烧)and incinerators of all types and sizesare emitting air-contaminating combustion products of increasingquantities and chemical complexity.

各种类型、各种规模的露天燃烧和煅烧炉散发出的污染空气的燃烧产物，其数量与化学复杂性不断上升。

第27页：大气条件与污染物扩散

The amount of pollution in the cities is affected by atmosphericconditions.

大量的城市污染是受大气条件影响的。

Because the surface of the earth is normally warmer than theair above the surface, air currents are set up that rise into thehigher atmosphere, carrying the pollutants with them.

因为地球表面的气温通常比上空空气的气温高，所以地球表面表面气流会上升到更高的大气中，同时将污染物带走。

But sometimes, due to natural causes, the air above the earth’ssurface is warmer than the air at the surface.

但是有时，由于自然原因，地球表面以上的空气温度比地球表面的空气温度高。

第28页：逆温层与烟雾形成

When this happens, the warm air remains in a layer above thecold air at the surface, and stops the normal flow of rising warm air.

在这种情况下，温暖的空气仍然停留在这一层，而冷空气停留在表面，正常流动上升的暖空气停止。

The air pollution and smog-forming substances becometrapped between the two layers and hang over the city, often withserious effects on people’s comfort, health and even life.

空气污染和烟雾形成的表面成为两层之间而悬在城市上空，往往会严重影响人们的舒适、健康甚至生命。

第29页：污染加剧的复合因素

The combined impact of population growth, expansion inindustry and technology and social changes operating in ourcontemporary society can be regarded as the compoundingfactors which have resulted in serious degradation of the urban airenvironment with relatively recent years.

当今社会人口的增长、工业和技术的发展以及社会变化的联合影响，可以看做是近年来导致城市空气环境严重变质的复合因素。

In certainmetropolitan([′metrə′pɔlitən]adj.大都会的,大城市的)areas, this trend has already reached alarming proportions.

在某些大城市，这种趋势已经达到惊人的地步。

第30页：超过自然净化能力

In those areas, the rate of pollution very frequently exceeds thecapacity of the atmosphere to purify itself by natural processes ofdilution and dispersion.

在那些地区，污染速率经常超过了大气本身具有的扩散稀释等自然净化能力。

During these periods, severe air pollution occurs and is clearlymanifested by eyeirritation([′iri′teiʃən]n.恼怒,生气;令人恼火的事；疼痛处,疼痛感), reduced visibility and other adverse effects.

在这期间发生严重的空气污染，并从对人眼的刺激，大气能见度降低和其他有害影响中清楚的显露出来。