第1页：建筑业的安全形势
Chapter 16 Emerging Role of Managementin Civil EngineeringFor example, in Taiwan, approximately 60% of fatal accidentsin all industries between 1999 and 2001 arose in theconstruction industry.With the rapid increase of Chineseconstruction activities, construction safety has become a bigconcern because worker injuries causetremendous（[triˈmendəs]adj.极大的,巨大的）losses.Section A Construction Safety Management（
管理在土木工程中的作用）（工程安全管理）例如，在1999年到2001年之间，台湾所有行业中大约60%的死亡事故发生在建筑业。随着中国建筑业的快速增长，建筑安全已经成为一个焦点，因为建筑工人的伤亡引起了巨大的损失。
第2页：建筑事故的后果
- The procedures and processes are related to, influenced andrestrained by, each other.Once an accident occurs, seriousaffects will be caused to the lives and health of employees,and manufacturing facilities will also be heavily damaged.Construction site safety is of great importance to constructioncompanies.Besides causing worker injuries, constructionaccidents also delay project progress, increase costs,civilpenalties（民事罚款）and damage the reputation of thecontractors.
- 除了引起工人受伤外，建筑事故也会延误工程进度，增加成本，民事赔偿，以及破坏承包商的声誉。
第3页：施工中的危险作业
- The construction process involves hazardous activitiessuch as working at height, manual handling, exposure tohazardous materials, demolition, frame erection, liftingoperations,scaffolding（[ˈskæfəuld]n.脚手架）andgroundworks（土方工程）.The industry is prone to‘boomand bust’cycles, under-production and over-capacity,intermittent work and climatic influences.Consequences ofthese negative characteristics of the construction industryinclude unnecessary financial and human loss.
- 建筑业的这些负面特征的结果导致不必要的财务和人员损失。
施工过程包含危险的作业活动，比如，高处施工，手工操作，危险物料的暴露，爆破，框架搭设，起重操作，脚手架搭设和土方工程。建筑业倾向于“经济繁荣与萧条的交替循环”周期，生产不足和生产力过剩，间断工作以及气候影响。
第4页：事故造成的现场损失
- These incidents damage the continuity of the jobsite, whichcauses lost time, lost wages, the breakup of a crew or the lossof a key person, property loss in the form of damage tomachines and equipment, andculminates（[ˈkʌlmineit]vt.&vi.达到极点）in the supervisor‘s time lost during anincident investigation or anOSHA（Occupational Safety andHealth Act [Adiministration] <美>职业安全与卫生条例[管理局]）investigation/inspection which results in the cost ofcitations([saiˈteiʃən]n.引用,引证,引文,表扬,嘉奖)andviolations（[ˌvaiəˈleiʃən]n.违反,冒犯,侵害）, as well asthe cost in the form of legal issues and fees.Also, insurancepremiums, as well as worker's compensation experience rates,will be increased.
- 同时，保险费以及工人的补偿率将会增加。
这些事件破坏了施工现场的连续性，引起时间损失，酬金损失，班组的破坏，或者关键人员的丧生，以机器和设备毁坏形式的财产损失，以及在事故调查期间监理人员时间损失或者职业安全与卫生管理局的调查/检查导致引证和干扰的成本，以及法律事务和费用的成本。
第5页：安全的经济效益
- Not only does an employer have a legal and moralresponsibility to provide a safe working environment, butsafety makes economic sense.Lost workdays due toaccidents can cause disruptions in work crew makeup andcan lower the efficiency of the crews.The soaring rates ofboth commercial liability insurance and workmen’scompensation insurance are dramatic indicators of theindustry’spropensity（[prə'pensiti]n.倾向,爱好,嗜好,脾性）for injuries and an individual company’s good and badaccident record.
- 不但一个雇主有法律和道德责任提供一个安全的工作环境，而且安全也会产生经济效益。
由于事故引起的工作日减少会造成一个工作班组分工的混乱及降低施工作班组的效率。商业责任保险和职工赔偿保险费率的上涨是建筑业伤亡倾向，以及个体公司的良好或拙劣事故记录的重要指标。
第6页：安全计划与管理层承诺
An effective safety program requires that top management bewholeheartedly behind the program and, when visiting job sites,wearhard hats（安全帽),safety goggles(防护眼镜), or anyotherdesignated(指定的,派定的) safety equipment.Only thenwill workers see that management is firmly committed to thesafety program.A basic safety program consists of the followingcomponents
一份有效的安全计划要求高级管理层在制定安全计划之后全心全意地执行，而且当访问施工现场时，戴安全帽，防护眼镜，或者任何其他指定的安全设备。只有那样建筑工人才会看到，管理人员是严格遵守安全计划的。一份基本的安全计划由以下部分组成：
第7页：安全技能的培训
- Safety procedures consist of skills that must be learned, andit is unfair to assign responsibility forsafety practices(安全措施)andenforcement([inˈfɔ:smənt]n.强制,实施,执行)to ajob superintendent who has had very little or no training insafety techniques.Few people would wholeheartedlyparticipate in such programs if they did not fully understandhow to handle the responsibility that comes with the authority.
- 构成安全规程的技能必须经过学习，而且为了安全措施及其实施，给一个拥有非常少或没有经过安全技术培训的工作负责人分配责任是不公平的。
如果他们没有完全理解如何处理权力与责任的关系，很少会有人全心全意地参与此类计划。
第8页：安全培训的方式
- Training can be accomplished in several ways.Safetyseminars can be held at each job site, or all participants in theadministration of the program cancongregate ([ˈkɔŋɡriɡeit]vt.&vi.(使)集合,聚集)in one location for instruction.Insuranceunderwriters ([ˈʌndəraitə]n.保险商；保证人)are usually most anxious to conduct, or at least participate in,these sessions.
- 可以通过以下几种方式完成培训。
在每一个施工现场举行安全讨论会，或者所有计划实施的参与人员集中在一个地点进行学习。保险公司通常最希望指导，或者至少参与这些培训。
第9页：安全意识与工具箱会议
- In order for a safety program to be effective, people have to beconstantly reminded of good safety practices, and they have tobe aware of job and company accident records.One approachto heightening that awareness is to conduct regular safetymeetings at the job site.These meetings, known as “tool boxmeetings,” can be conducted by either the jobsuperintendent（[ˌsju:pərinˈtendənt]n.主管,负责人,管理者）or the projectmanager.The meetings should be held on company time, andthey are to be attended by all personnel employed on the job.
- 为了有效实施安全计划，人们不得不总是想起有利的安全措施，而且他们必须知道工作和公司事故记录。
一种提高意识的方法是在施工现场定期召开安全会议。这些会议被称为“工具箱会议”，可以由任何一名管理人员或者项目经理来组织实施。这些会议应该在工作时间举行，而且应该让所有上班的职员参加。
第10页：安全文化
- A vitalingredient（[in'ɡri:diənt]n.(混合物的)组成部分;组分,要素）in generating safe working is the safety culture whichpervades（[pə(:)'veid]vt.遍及,弥漫,充满,渗透）aconstruction organization.Safety culture is a mixture ofindividual and group values, attitudes, perceptions,competencies and patterns of behavior that determine thecommitment to, and the style andproficiency（[prəˈfiʃənsi]n.熟练,精通）of, an organization’s safety management.Inshort, the safety culture is the distillation of beliefs thatmembers of an organization share about safety.
- 安全文化渗透到整个工程组织是形成安全工作的重要的因素。
安全文化是个人价值与集体价值，态度、观念、能力以及行为方式的融合，它决定了一个组织安全管理的投入、风格和效率。简言之，安全文化是一个组织的成员共享安全信仰的精华。
第11页：安全表现的评价
设定了安全表现目标，定期地测量并将实际表现与设定的目标进行对比targets established for safety performance andmeasured regularly to compare performance with thetargets setgood safety behavior should be a condition of continuingemployment and considered in annualappraisals（[əˈpreizəl]n.估计,估量,评价）a management information system which includes theevaluationof safety as well as commercial information
良好的安全行为是连续雇佣的条件，并且在每年的考核中予以考虑包括安全评价和商业信息在内的管理信息系统
第12页：安全评价与风险评估
- Safety evaluation, also called risk assessment, aims toidentify and analyze risk factors existing in a system with theprinciples and methods of system safety engineering for thepurpose of the realization of system safety. It will determinethe possibility and severity of accidents andoccupationalhazards（职业病）in the system, which is useful to providea scientific basis for the management and decisions ofaccident prevention.
- 它能确定系统中事故以及职业病的概率和严重性，为事故预防决策与管理提供了科学依据。
安全评价，也被称为风险评估，旨在通过系统安全工程原则及方法识别和分析存在于系统中的风险因素，其目标是实现系统安全的目的。
第13页：安全预评估的核心
- The core of SPE is to carry out qualitative and/or quantitativeanalysis on the risk factors of a system.In other words, itassesses the possibility and severity of the occurrence ofaccidents and hazards in terms of a certain system range.SPEcan provide fire-fighting, prevention and reductioncountermeasureswith respect to the main hazardous factorsand their potential consequences, and can assess whether thesystem can meet the safety requirements of related nationallaws and regulations after such measures are applied.
- 安全预评估的核心是对系统中的风险因素进行定性或定量分析。
换言之，根据特定系统范围评估事故和危险的发生的概率和严重性。关于主要的危险因素及其后果，安全预评估能提供消防，预防和减轻对策，而且在采取这些措施后可以评估系统能否满足相关的政府法律和规章的安全要求。
第14页：工程项目的实施环境
The project site may be far from the headquartersof the construction company, and in the case ofmajor international construction projects, it may wellbe in another country, operating in a social,economic and physical environment that is quitedifferent from that within which the constructioncompany is based.Section B Construction Management（
工程管理）项目现场可能会远离建筑公司的总部，而且对于一些大型的国际工程项目，它位于其他国家，在不同于建筑公司本国社会的，经济的和自然环境中实施工程。
第15页：业主的三大目标
- Fig. 16.1 illustrates what all clients require from aconstruction company: a project completed on time, withinbudget([ˈbʌdʒit]n.预算;经费), and to the requiredtechnical performance and quality standards.Clients areincreasingly demanding that all three of these aims areachieved, and are increasingly unwilling to accept the“managementcompromise([ˈkɔmprəmaiz]n.妥协,折中方法)”, which was common practice until quite recently.
- 图16.1揭示了所有业主向建筑公司所要求的东西：即按时，在预算范围内，规定的技术性能和质量标准完成项目。
实现所有这三个目标，业主是非常费力的，也会越来越多地不情愿的接受“管理折中”，这是最近以来的常见做法。
第16页：时间目标的优先性
- Time is often the most important objective of all. Time is anirreplaceable([ˌiriˈpleisəbl]adj.不能调换的,不能代替的)resource.A job that has missed its target date is late and that,unfortunately, is that. Costs tend to follow time and grow withtime.A project that is finished late usually also overruns itsbudgets. So, controlling progress against the plan goes a longway towards controlling the costs of a project.
- 时间通常是所有目标中最重要的目标。
时间是一项不可代替的资源。如果一项工作滞后，那么意味着已经错过它的目标日期，不幸的是，时间不可倒流。成本随着时间而来，且随着时间的增加成本也在不断增加。一个项目如果竣工日期延长的话，通常同时带来的是预算的超支。因此，控制进度计划有助于控制项目的成本。
第17页：不同项目的目标权衡
- However, consider two different building schemes, each for ablock（[blɔk]n.街区,街段,大块(木料、石料、金属等)）ofresidential（[ˌreziˈdenʃəl]adj.住宅的,与居住有关的）apartments.One is a luxury block where the developerexpects to receive high rents from rich tenants.The other is alocal authority project to provide basic accommodation forfamilies with low or no means of support.
- 然而，考虑两个不同的施工计划，每一个都是大型的住宅公寓。
其中一个是奢华的小区，开发商希望从富有的租客那里获得较高的租金。另一个是当地的官方项目，为了给低收入或没有生活来源的家庭提供基本的居住条件。
第18页：不同工程的目标优先级
- A nuclear power station must above all be reliable andsafe. So the quality objective isparamount（[ˈpærəmaunt]adj.最高的,首要的,主要的）.ⅱ. A project to build a stadium for the Olympic Games must beready in time for the games. So time is the paramountobjective.ⅲ. A hospital management group needs to build an extensionto act as consulting rooms and waiting areas foroutpatients（[ˈautˌpeiʃənt]n.门诊病人）.The budgets are very limited.So the specification must betrimmed（[trim]vt.除去,削减）so that the cost is as low as possible.
- ⅰ.一座核电站首要的是可靠和安全。
因此质量目标是最重要的ⅱ.一个奥林匹克运动会体育场项目必须能及时为比赛做好准备。因此时间是最重要的目标。ⅲ.一个医院管理团队需要为门诊病人建设一定面积的诊疗室和候诊区。但是预算非常有限，因此，必须降低规格以便成本尽可能的低。
第19页：公共与私人业主
Most public owners such as theCorps([kɔ:]n.军团,特种部队)of Engineers or State Departments of Transportation areexperienced construction managers.Most private owners, suchas small manufacturing companies, have little or noconstruction management expertise and depend on consultantsto help them through their project, besides providing the projectfunding; the primary responsibility of the owner is to define thescope of the work
多数公共部门业主，例如，工兵部队或者政府交通部门都是富有经验的工程管理者。多数私人部门业主，例如，小型制造企业在整个项目实施过程中拥有很少或者没有工程管理技能，他们依靠咨询顾问帮助，除了提供项目资金外，业主的首要责任是定义工作范围。
第20页：分包商的专业分工
- They do the work. All subcontractors have a specialty such aselectrical or mechanical, steelerection([iˈrekʃən]n.建立，建造，竖立物,建筑物),acoustical([iˈrekʃən]n.建立，建造，竖立物,建筑物),drywall([ˈdrīˌwôl]n.清水墙)and painting,andcarpeting.The construction of a typical building mayrequire as many as 10 to 15 subcontractors.
- 所有的分包商都拥有一项专长，比如电气或者机械安装工程，钢结构安装，声学工程，清水墙砌筑和油漆，地毯。
一个典型的建筑物的建设需要10到15个分包商。
第21页：施工经理的角色
- They bring construction expertise to the design process.Someengineering and architectural firms offer constructionmanagement services, indicating usually that they represent theowner during construction.To make the definition even moredifficult, there are some government agencies that haveemployees who are construction managers.Not all people whocall themselves construction managers work for a constructioncontractor.
- 他们把施工知识引入设计过程中。
一些工程公司和建筑公司提供工程管理服务，通常认为他们在施工过程中代表业主。所有称呼他们自己为施工经理的人不都是为施工承包商工作的。为施工经理下个定义很困难，有一些政府代理公司雇佣施工经理。
第22页：资金与流动资金
- Banks provide theworking capital（流动资金）contractorsneed to build the project.In some countries, a payment ismade to the contractor at the time of the contract award toprovide working capital.In the United States, contractorsmust earn theirprogress payments（进度款）, and noup-front payments（预付款）are made. Banks provide theworking capital.
- 银行为承包商提供项目建设所需要的流动资金。
在发包的时候，一些国家规定需要为承包商支付一笔工程款作为流动资金。在美国，承包商必须取得他们的进度款，而且没有预付工程款。银行提供流动资金。
第23页：施工图与质量标准
- Preparingshop drawings(制造图,施工图), and fabricatingitems specifically forindividual projects(单项工程).Thequality of a construction project is very dependent on the qualityof the suppliers used by individual contractors.Designers relyheavily on standard specifications and standards such as thosepublished by the American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM).It is most important that designers understand thestandard specifications anddesign standards(设计标准)theyare using because there are design standards for nearly everylevel of product quality.
- 编制施工图，以及为单项工程加工所需构配件。
工程项目的质量非常依赖于具体承包商所雇佣的供应商的质量。设计师严重的依赖标准技术规范和设计标准，比如由美国试验与材料协会出版的标准和规范。最重要的是设计师要理解他们所使用的标准技术规范和设计标准，因为对于每一个产品质量等级几乎都有对应的设计标准。
