第1页：第十二章交通工程
Chapter 12 TrafficEngineeringSection A Traffic Engineering
第2页：交通工程学的发展
- What is Traffic Engineering?31Traffic Engineering is still a relatively new discipline within theoverall bounds of civil engineering.
- 交通工程学在整个土木工程领域内还是一个相当新的学科。
- It has nevertheless already been partially subsumed within thestill newer but broader discipline of transportation planning.
- 然而它已经部分并入了更新更广的运输规划学科内，这两个学科不是同义的。
第3页：运输规划的定义
- What is Traffic Engineering?31Transportation planning is concerned with the planning,functional design, operation and management of facilities for anymode([məud]n.方式，模式，样式，风格，时尚)of transportationin order to provide for the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient,economical and environmentally-compatible movement of peopleand goods.
- 运输规划是关于各种运输模式的设施规划、功能设计、运营与管理，以便提供安全、快速、舒适、方便、经济，与环境协调的人与货的流动。
第4页：交通工程的研究范围
- What is Traffic Engineering?31Within that broad scope, traffic engineering deals with thosefunctions in respect of roads, road networks,terminal([′tə:minəl]n.终点站，终端；adj.末端的,终点的,极限的)points,abutting(vt.&vi.邻接；毗邻；紧靠)lands and their relationships with othermodes of transportation.
- 在此广扩的范围内，交通工程研究道路、道路网、终点，毗邻土地及其与其他运输模式的关系等方面的功能。
第5页：交通工程学的定义沿革
- What is Traffic Engineering?31Those definitions, based on the 1976 ones of the Institute of TransportationEngineers arecompatible([kəm′pætəbl]adj.一致的，协调的)with, butin thelight of(按照、依据)changing public attitudes are more complete than, theBritish Institution of Civil Engineers 1959 definition of traffic engineering, whichis: ‘That part of engineering which deals with traffic planning and design ofroads, offrontage([′frʌntidʒ]n.正面，前面)development and of parkingfacilities and with the control of traffic to provide safe, convenient andeconomical movement of vehicles and pedestrians.
- ’上述的定义是基于1976年交通工程师学会的定义提出的，并与其相一致，但是随着公众认识的不断发展，英国土木工程师学会1959年对交通工程学的定义相比来讲是更完整的：“交通工程学涉及交通规划和道路设计、停车设施的研究与发展，以及为了车辆和行人提供安全、方便和经济运行的交通控制。
第6页：我国交通工程手册的定义
- What is Traffic Engineering?31Traffic Engineering Manual of China defines traffic engineeringas a technology discipline which researches the relationship ofperson, vehicles, road and environment in the highway traffic,establishacademic([′ækə′demik]adj.纯理论的，学术的)methodabout traffic planning, design, control, management and theirassociated facilities, equipment, law, statute etc in order to makethe highway traffic safe, efficient, rapid and comfortable.
- 我国《交通工程手册》给出的定义认为交通工程学是一门技术科学，它研究道路交通中人、车、路、环境之间的关系，建立交通规划、设计、控制和管理的理论方法，以及相关设施、装备、法律和法规等，使道路交通安全、高效、快捷、舒适。
第7页：研究内容的拓展
- What is Traffic Engineering?31Recent years, its study are more and more extensive with thedevelopment of traffic engineering itself, on the other hand, itcarves out new field with the progress of society, economy andtechnology.
- 近年来，由于交通工程学本身的发展，研究内容日趋广泛，另一方面随着社会、经济与科学技术的进步，开拓了交通工程学的新领域。
第8页：交通工程学的方法论
- What is Traffic Engineering?31So the definitions of the discipline are becoming clearer: themethodology([′meθə′dɔlədʒi]n.方法学，方法论，一套方法)isdeveloping continuously and becoming increasing scientific. Theearly ‘rule-of-thumb’ (经验法则或方法)techniques aredisappearing.
- 因此，交通工程学的定义越来越清楚：该方法学是不断发展和日益壮大的科学，早期单凭经验的技术方法正逐渐消失。
第9页：交通工程与运输工程
- Elements of Traffic Engineering2Traffic engineering discipline is an important branch oftransportation engineering.
- 交通工程学科是运输工程学的一个重要分支。
- Anyone approaching the subject of traffic engineering alreadyknows much about it.
- 任何一个接触交通工程的人都对此了解很多。
第10页：研究对象与主要内容
- Elements of Traffic Engineering2Objects in traffic engineering studies include roadways,vehicles, drivers, bikers, pedestrians and environment.
- 交通工程学的研究对象包括道路、车辆、驾驶员、骑自行车的人、行人和环境等。
Main elements in traffic engineering include such aspects as:Traffic studies、Performance evaluation、Facility design、Trafficcontrol、Traffic operations、Transportation SystemsManagement、Intelligent Transportation Systems.其主要的研究内容包括：交通调查、性能评估、设施设计、交通控制、交通运营、交通系统管理、智能交通系统，
第11页：交通工程的综合性
- Elements of Traffic Engineering2Connotation([′kɔnəu′teiʃən]n.内涵，意义)of traffic engineeringresearch deal with many fields such as engineering, enforcement,education, environment, energy, and it have relations with manyfactors such as economy, policy, system,geography([dʒi′ɔɡrəfi]n.地理（学），地形，地势), history etc.
- 交通工程学研究的内容涉及工程、执法、教育、环境、能源等许多领域。
- So it is a highly integrated science with natural and socialsciences.
- 因此，它是一门集自然科学与社会科学于一身的综合性科学。
第12页：交通问题的发展性
- Traffic Problem33Traffic engineering is a young discipline because the problem islarge and still growing.
- 交通工程学是一门年轻的学科，因为还存在着大量的不断发展的问题。
- The road traffic is a basic of human production and survival,and vehicle is traffic tool for the convenience of our life. But it isbecoming a public hazard of social.
- 道路交通是人类生产和生存的基础，并且车辆作为交通工具方便了我们的生活，但它同时也成为了社会公害。
第13页：交通问题的思考维度
- Traffic Problem33By derivation from the definitions of traffic engineering, thetraffic problem can be considered from several aspects, all ofwhich are interconnected.
- 从交通工程学的定义出发，交通问题可以从几个方面考虑，所有这些都是相互关联的。
- We can think of these words asembracingtraffic flow, trafficspeed, traffic safety, andamenitiesfor traffic, with which aspectstraffic economics is closelyinterwoven([′ɪntə′wi:v]（interwove，interwoven）vt.交织，交叉); and throughout, the concern forenvironmental compatibility.
- 我们可以认为这些词包含交通流、交通速度、交通安全、交通设施，这几方面与交通经济是密切相关的，并且自始至终还要考虑环境的可持续发展。
第14页：交通问题的国家差异
- Traffic Problem33The traffic problem is of world-wide concern, but differentcountries are obviously at different stages in the trafficescalation.([′eskə′leiʃən]n.
- 不断增加，逐步上升，扩大，增加)交通问题是全世界广泛关注的问题，但是显然，不同的国家处在不同的阶段其交通问题也有所升级。
- As soon as the country is opened up by a road system, thestandard of living and the demand for motor transport both rise,gathering momentum rapidly.
- 一旦这个国家开始发展的道路体系，那么他们的生活水平和汽车运输的需求都会上升，并且发展势头迅猛。
第15页：交通安全指标
- Traffic Problem33Traffic accidents, injuries, and deaths continue as the majorsafety targets in transportation.
- 交通事故、受伤人数、死亡人数一直是交通运输中主要的安全指标。
- Many international organizations have programs designed toaddress road safety problem and encourage developing countriesto address the problem before it is too late.
- 许多国际组织已制定计划旨在解决道路安全问题，并鼓励发展中国家在来得及的时候解决好这一问题。
第16页：2003年中国交通事故数据
- Traffic Problem33According to statistics, in 2003 a total of 667,507 traffic accidentshappened in China, resulting in 104,372 deaths, 494,174 peoplewere injured, a direct economic loss of 33.7 billion Yuan.
- 据统计，2003年中国共发生了667,507起交通事故，造成104,372人死亡，494,174人受伤，直接经济损失33.7亿元。
- Traffic accidents of road bring enormous life and property loss forsocial and human being.
- 道路交通事故给整个社会和人类带来巨大的生命和财产损失。
第17页：污染与资源消耗
- Furthermore, traffic problems also include environment pollution,consumptionof a large number of energy and land and so on.
- 此外，交通问题还包括环境污染，能源和土地的大量消耗等等。
第18页：汽车拥有量的增长
- Traffic Problem33The growth in vehicle ownership also is one part of the overalltraffic problem.
- 汽车拥有量的增长也是全部交通问题的一部分。
- Obviously, if a country has unlimited roads of extreme width, thetraffic problem would not rise. But no country in the world couldmeet this requirement: apart from anything else, it would not makeeconomic sense.
- 显然，如果一个国家拥有无限制的道路宽度，交通问题将不会上升，但是，世界上没有一个国家能满足这一要求，且不说别的什么理由，经济上就是没有意义的。
第19页：交通的基本矛盾
- Three Possible Solutions4The basic problem of traffic is therefore simple an ever-increasing number of vehicles seeking to use too little road space.
- 交通的基本问题可以简单的归结为：不断增长的汽车数量与太小的道路空间之间的矛盾。
- build some extra roads, using them and the existing roadnetwork to their full potential, and at the same time apply somerestraint measures, limiting the increase in demand as far aspossible.
- 多修建一些道路，充分发挥它们和现有的路网的潜力，同时，采取一些限制措施，尽可能的限制需求的增长。
第20页：城市交通的紧迫性
- Three Possible Solutions4It will be appreciated that the problems of traffic engineering aremost pressing in urban areas.
- 我们应该意识到城市地区的交通工程问题是最紧迫的。
- We shall concentrate on dealing with urban traffic problems andtechniques, looking at rural problems on passing.
- 目前应该集中精力处理城市交通问题，关注农村交通问题。
第21页：交通与环境质量
- Three Possible Solutions4And the traffic engineer should be checking to ensure that he isat least not damaging the environment, and is preferablyimproving it. Traffic engineering today, more than ever, is aboutimproving the quality of life.
- 同时，交通工程师应不断检查，以确保他没有破坏环境，而是在改善环境。
今天的交通工程比以往任何时候更有利于提高生活质量。
第22页：Section B 交通规划
Chapter 12 TrafficEngineeringSection BTraffic Planning
第23页：交通规划的作用
- Traffic planning is an importantfront-end(前端的)engineeringin theinfrastructure([′infrə′strʌktʃə]n.下部构造，基础设施)construction of the city traffic.
- 交通规划是城市交通基础设施建设中的一个重要前期工程。
- It is also the fundamental solution to the traffic problem and theeffective means to obtain the best value of transport work.
- 它也是解决交通问题的根本措施，获得交通运输工作最佳效益的有效手段。
- It will havefar-reaching(深远的)influence on city developmentin the future.
- 它对城市今后的发展有深远的影响。
第24页：交通规划与经济资源
- Traffic planning is a series of actions planned to guide traffic,that is, how to prompt a variety of goals of planners, and how theobjectives will put into practice.
- 交通规划是有计划地引导交通的一系列行动，即规划者如何提出各种目标，又如何将目标付诸实施的方法。
- Because the planning of transportation is only one aspect of theoverall planning process which affects the quality of life in adeveloped society, the provision of transport facilities is dependenton the overall economic resources available.
- 因为交通规划是现代发达社会中，与生活水平有关的总体规划程序中的一个重要组成部分，因此交通设施的供应情况依赖于整个社会上可用的经济资源。
第25页：环境与土地利用关系
- It is dependent on the value that is placed on such factors asenvironmental conditions; for some transport facilities areconsidered todetract([di′trækt]vi.毁损，贬低，减损)from thequality of the environment and others can be considered toimprove the environment.
- 它还取决于诸如环境条件等因素的标准，有一些交通设施被认为有损于环境的质量，有的则被认为对环境有所改善。
- Land use and traffic planning are also closely connectedbecause the demand for travel facilities has often stimulated land-use activity.
- 交通设施的需求常常刺激土地的开发利用，因此，土地利用和交通规划两者之间是紧密相连的。
第26页：交通调查的目的
- Traffic survey is aprecondition([′prikən′diʃən]n.前提，先决条件)and foundation for traffic planning.交通调查是进行交通规划的前提和基础It mainly provides comprehensive, systematic, real and reliablereference materials and basic data for shaping traffic planning.
- 它主要是为制定交通规划提供全面、系统而又真实可靠的实际参考资料和基础数据。
- The main reason for undertaking a traffic survey is to provide anobjective measure of an existing situation.
- 进行交通调查的一个最主要的原因就是对目前的局势进行客观的衡量。
第27页：交通调查的内容
- A survey is to take an inventory of the trip making pattern as itexists at the present time, together with details of the travelfacilities available and the land-use activities and socio-economicfactors that can be considered to influence travel.
- 调查是为了整理出一份当前出行方式的清单，以及可利用的交通设施的详细资料和影响土地使用活动和社会经济因素等情况。
- Origin and destination surveys(起讫点调查)are one of thosesurveys.
- 起迄点调查是交通调查的内容之一。
第28页：新路线选择估计
- By means of this type of survey it is possible to estimate thenumber of drivers traveling on each of the existing routes who willchoose to use the new road in future.
- 通过此项调查，有可能估计出在现有路网上通行的而随后会选择新路线的车辆的数量。
第29页：起迄点调查的定义
- The origin of the journey is in this instance the last fixed pointof call prior to entering the area covered by the survey and thedestination is the nest point of call after leaving the area.
- 在此调查中，旅途的起点要求是进入调查区域之前最后一个固定点，而旅途的目的地则是离开该区域后的落脚点。
第30页：出行决定与模型步骤
- These are not necessarily the same as, and must not beconfused with, the origin and the destination of the overall journey.
- 整段行程的起点和终点不一定相同，决不能混淆。
- While the decision to make a trip is a complex process basedon the availability of destinations, the travel facilities, the cost oftravel and the journey purpose, it is usual to divide model buildinginto four interconnected processes.
- 决定出行是个复杂的过程，它将以到达目的地的方便程度、旅行所使用的交通工具、旅行成本，以及旅程目的等因素为依据。
通常把模型建立划分为四步相互关联的步骤。
第31页：交通生成
- Trip generation(出行生成), which is the first step in theconventional four-step transportation forecasting process. It widelyused for forecasting travel demands.
- 交通生成，它是常规的四步交通预测法中的第一步，广泛地应用于预测交通需求。
- In general, different land-use layout, different natures of landuse and different land-use intensity correspond to different trafficgeneration.
- 一般而言，不同的土地利用布局，不同性质的土地使用，不同的土地利用密度对应于不同的交通生成。
第32页：交通生成与用地关系
- Objects in traffic engineering studies include roadways,vehicles, drivers, bikers, pedestrians and environment.
- 交通工程学的研究对象包括道路、车辆、驾驶员、骑自行车的人、行人和环境等。
- Trip generation attempts to determine the connection betweentrip making and land-use factors noted in the planning inventory.
- 交通生成用以确定出行生成和规划资料清单中所注用地因素之间的关系。
第33页：出行分布
- Trip distribution(出行分布), which determinethe pattern oftrips(出行方式)between the zones.
- 出行分布，用以确定各交通区间的出行方式。
- Trip distribution is a model of the number of trips that occurbetween each origin zone and each destination zone.
- 出行分布是关于发生在每个起点和每个终点之间的交通数量的模型。
- It usually occurs through an allocation model that splits tripsfrom each origin zone into distinct destinations.
- 通常出行分布通过分配模型产生许多从起点到不同的终点的交通流。
第34页：出行发生量与吸引量
- Trip distribution uses the predicted number of trips originating ineach origin zone (trip production[出行产生]model) and thepredicted number of trips ending in each destination zone (tripattraction[出行吸引]model).
- 出行分布用来预测每个起点区域（出行产成模型）的交通发生量和每个终点区域（出行吸引模型）的交通吸引量。
- The model trip distribution can then be compared to the actualdistribution to see whether the model produces a reasonableapproximation([ə′prɔksi′meiʃən]n.
- 近似值，接近，走近).交通分布模型结果可以与实际分布情况进行比较，来决定模型得出的是否是合理的近似值。
第35页：出行方式划分
- Trip diversion based on travel-time differences between modesis the basis for some methods, but it is beingsupplanted([sə′plɑ:nt]vt.排挤掉，取代)by techniques relying heavily on trip-maker or household characteristics.
- 基于出行方式间不同出行时间的交通转换是许多划分方法的基础，但它正在被严重依赖于交通产生者或住户的特征的方法所取代。
- Traffic assignment(交通分配), which assign the numbers andmodals of trip to the actual route in all traffic areas.
- 交通分配，是在整个交通区域内将交通数量和交通方式分配给实际路线。
第36页：交通分配
- At this stage the number of trips and their origins anddestinations are known but the actual route through thetransportation system is unknown.
- 在现阶段，出行次数和它们的起终点虽然已经知道，但是在交通系统中所经过的实际路线还不明确。
- This process of determining the links of the transportationsystem on which trips will be loaded is known as trafficassignment.
- 把出行分配到交通系统路线上的程序就叫做交通分配。
第37页：分配方法与制约因素
- An assignment problem is the distribution of traffic in a networkconsidering a demand between locations and the transport supplyof the network.
- 分配问题是路网中的交通分布，需要考虑地点之间的交通需求和路网的运输供应情况。
- Assignment methods are looking for a way to model thedistribution of traffic in a network according to a set of constraints,notablyrelated to transport capacity, time and cost.
- 分配方法希望是交通网中根据一系列的制约因素而得出的交通分配模型，尤其是相关的运输能力、时间和成本。
第38页：交通需求预测
- With confidence in the ability of the developed modelsestablished, it is then possible to forecast the travel needs offuture land use and transport plans.
- 如果确信已经建立的各种模型的分析能力是可靠的，就有可能预测未来土地利用和交通规划的交通需求程度。
- Arriving at an optimum solution is however anintuitiveprocess because the planning process can only predict the likelytrip-making which will arise if the plan is implemented.
- 但是，所能达到的一个最优解决方案，仍然是一个直觉过程，因为规划过程只能预估未来实现规划可能发生的出行生成情况。
