第1页：Chapter 1 Introduction
Microbiology
第2页：Chapter 1 IntroductionA
Chapter 1 IntroductionA. What is microbe? The word microbe (microorganism) is used to describe an organism that is so small that, normally, it cannot be seen without the use of a microscope.“microorganism”micro + organism Microorganism is not a term on taxology
第3页：The main groupsEukaryote－fungoid、microscopic
The main groupsEukaryote－fungoid、microscopic algae、protozoa and some intestinal parasitic wormsProkaryote－bacteria、actinomycete、cyanobacteriaand archaebacteriaNoncellular orgnism －virus, viroid andprion
第4页：B. The characteristics
B. The characteristics of microorganism1．Microscopic2．independent units3．less complex4．rapid growth rates5．opmipresent
第5页：6. Same research techniquesColony
6. Same research techniques
- Colony research
- Specific aseptic techniques
- Similar techniques in species identification and cultivationIn fact, irrelevant microbial groups are studied as an independent subject -microbiology, which is mainly in accordance to the research techniques rather than relative among microorganisms.
第6页：C. The position in l
C. The position in life world原生生物界植物界真菌界动物界细菌域古生菌域真核生物域aThe categorizing system of biologicalfive kindoms 原生生物界植物界真菌界动物界细菌域古生菌域真核生物域bFungi kingdomProkaryote kingdomProtista kindomPlant kingdomAnimal kingdomBacteria domainsCommon ancesterArchaea domainsEukaryote domainsThe categorizing system of three domains
第7页：D. CategoryThe systemic
D. CategoryThe systemic taxa of mocroorganisms follow the systemic taxa built by Linnaeus，including seven grades from top to bottom: KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpeciesThere are more than ten grades in the systemic taxa altogether, because each grade, if needed, could sub-divide some auxiliary units
第8页：All species names of
All species names of cellular microorganisms obey the Latin binominal nomenclature built by Linnaeus without exception，i.e. , a formal species name is built up by Latin words，and it should be italic. According to binomial nomenclature, a formal species name is consist of a genus name and a adding word of a species. A formal species name present in taxology literature, namers often be added after them, but namers could be omitted generally.
第9页：e. g.Escherichia coli（Migula）Castellani
e. g.Escherichia coli（Migula）Castellani et ChalmersAspergillus flavusSchizosaccharomyces pombe
第10页：A formal species name
A formal species name should obey trinomial nomenclature, when the name of microorganism is a subspecies( sub-sp．,Roman type) or a variety( var.,Roman type).e.g.Bacillus thuringiensissubsp．galleriaSaccharomyces cerevisiaevar．ellipsoideus
第11页：A formal name could
- A formal name could be omitted often, when a species name is present repeatedly in a paper or works. e.g. Escherichia coli，
- E. coli
第12页：E. Research area of
E. Research area of microbiologyMicrobiology is a science of studying microorganisms, including diversity, activities rules of microorganisms and microbial contributions to the economic activities of human being.
第13页：Fig.1-2 Microbiological
Fig.1-2 Microbiological research area and branch
第14页：F. The importance
F. The importance and applications of microbiologyClose correlation to the health of human beings and Animals Wide applications in industrial productions Great effect of microbe on agricultural productionsAcceleration development on biologyAs mode organisms, microorganisms have advantages as follows,Less complex;Low cultivate cost and large stock number; Credible results on statistics；Rapid growth rates and short doubling time
第15页：Consequential event
- Consequential event in phylogeny on microbiology
- 1546 Fracastoro held up that invisible organismsmay produce a disease.
- 1676 Leeuwenhoek found “animalcules”.
- 1765-1776 Spallanzani refuted autogenesis.
- 1786 Muller presented the first bacterial category.
- 1798 Jenner introduced vaccinia.
- 1838－1839 Schwann & Schleiden put forward celltheory.
第16页：发展大事记（1867—1884）
- 1867 —1869 Lister built disinfection surgery and carried on the carbolic acid disinfection experiment successfully for the first time.Miescher found nucleic acid.
- 1876—1877 Koch proved anthrax is induced by anthrax bacilus.
- 1881Koch initiated separating bacteria by gelatin solid medium.Louis Pasteur prepared anthrax vaccine.
- 1882Koch found Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- 1883Koch stated Koch law for the first time. Metchnikoff expounded phagolysis, and built high pressure steam sterilization.1884Pasteur investigated hydrophobia vaccine successfully，and invent immunology.
第17页：发展大事记（1887—1895）
- 1887Richard Petri invented double layer Petri dish.
- 1889Winogradskyfoundsulfurcycleandnitrobacteria.Beijerinckseparatedrhizobiumforthefirsttime.
- 1890 Von Behring prepared antitoxin to cure diphtheria andtetanus.
- 1891Sternberg and Pasteur foundStreptococcus pneumoniaeatthe same time.
- 1895
第18页：发展大事记（1928—1949）
- 1928Griffith found bacteria transformation.
- 1929Fleming discovered penicillin.
- 1935Stanley purified tobacco mosaic virus for the first time，and obtained its “protein crystal”.
- 1943Luria and Delbück proved that resistance of bacteriophage is resulted by gene spontaneous mutation by fluctuating experiments；Chain and Flory designed the industrial producing process of penicillin.
- 1944Avery proved DNA is the carrier of genetic information in the conversion process;Waksman discovered streptomycin.
- 1946—1947Lederberg and Tatum discovered joining of bacteria and gene linkage.
- 1949Enders, Robbins and Weller cultivated poliomyelitis virus successfully in nonnerveless tissue culture.
第19页：发展大事记（1952—1961）
- 1952Hershey and Chase found bacteriophages injectedDNA in host cells；Lederberg invented replica plating；Zinder and Lederberg discovered generalizedtransduction;WatsonandCrickputforwardDNAduplexstructure.
- 1956Umbarger discovered feedback supression.
- 1961Jocob and Monod presented operon model ofgeneregulation.
- 1961—
第20页：发展大事记（1973—1983）
- 1973Ames built mensuration of bacteria to detect carcinogen；Cohen covered recombinant plasmids to Escherichia coli. successfully for the firsttime.
- 1974Khler and Milstein built monoclonal antibody production technology .
- 1977Woese presented archaea is a special monoid different from bacteria and eukaryote；Sanger analyzed DNA of ΦX174 bacteriophage with total order.
- 1982—1983 Cech and Altman discovered RNA（ribozyme）containing catalytic activity；Transposable element discovered by McClintock was made his point；Prusiner found prion.
第21页：发展大事记（1983—1996）
- 1983—1984 Gallo and Montagnier separated andinspected human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)；Mullis built PCR technology.
- 1988Deisenhofer discovered photosynthesispigment of bacteria and began to study it.
- 1995Full genesequencing of the first organismgone it alone (hemophilus influenza) wascompleted
- 1996Genom
第22页：Nobel Prize in Physiology
- Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1901－1999 39 items.
- total：77 persons
- 46 Americans，11 Englishmen，7 Frenchmen，6Germans，4 Switzers，2 Australians，1 Italian
- In 1945，discovery and development of penicillin
- In 1952，discovery and development of streptomycin
- In 1953，metabolism of carbohydrate in cells
- In 1958，
第23页：In 1962
- In 1962，mensuration of DNA structure
- In 1965，regulation study on gene activity in cells
- In 1969，viral infection mechanism study
- In 1984，development of monoclonal antibody technology and study on immunology
- In 1997，study on prion
- In 1999，moving and positioning mechanism in cells study on protein
第24页：1.Perceptual knowledge
1.Perceptual knowledge phase（history prophase）about 800 years before ~ 1676G.Development ofmicrobiology
第25页：2.Morphology description
2.Morphology description period, original period,（1676~1861）
第26页：French scientist Louis
French scientist Louis Pasteur，
- 1822-
- 1895
- Negated abiogenesis drastically;
- Proved ferment is reduced by microbe;
- Invented method of preparation street virus attenuated vaccine.
- Invented pasteurization.
- 3. Physiological research period foundation period,（
- 1861-
- 1897）
第27页：
第28页：Invented medium and
- Invented medium and purified microbe using it;
- Found pathogeny of anthracnose--anthrax bacillus
- Built Koch LawGerman microbiologist Robert Koch，1843-1910
第29页：Acquiring single colonyby
Acquiring single colonyby scoring methodKoch Law graphics
第30页：4.Bio-chemistry research
- 4.Bio-chemistry research stage, development period （
- 1897-
- 1953）
- German scientist Eduard Buchner（1897）：fermented glucose to alcohol with yeast non-cellular extraction.
- English scientist Alexander Fleming（1929）：discovered the first antibiotics—penicillin in the world.
第31页：J.D.Waston, H.F.C.Crickdiscovered
- J.D.Waston, H.F.C.Crickdiscovered DNA duplex model（1953）
- 5.molecular biology research stage, maturation phase（1953-）
第32页：Having characteristics
Having characteristics and commonness of vital phenomenon, microbe will be optimal material to solve significant theory problems and practical applications，such as origin and evolution of life, basic law of matter motion, exploitation of new microbial resources, energy resource and foodstuff etc.Microbiology prospectingin21century
第33页：ReferencesPrescottLM
ReferencesPrescottLM,HarleyJP,andKleinDA.,Microbiology(5thed.),HighereducationpressandMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.2002MichaelTM,JohnMM,JackP.Brock.,BiologyofMicoorganisms，Internationaledition,PearsonEducation,Inc.2003TalaroK.P.FoundationsinMicrobiology(FifthEdition),HighereducationpressandMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.2005ZhouDe-qing，Microbiologytextbook，secondedition，higheducationpublishinghouse，2002
