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本课件为英文版真核微生物章节，介绍具有核膜与线粒体的真核微生物类群，重点讲解酵母菌与丝状真菌的形态构造、孢子类型与繁殖方式，并兼顾微藻与原生动物的基本特征。
Chapter 3 Eukaryotic Microorganism
Eukaryotic microorganisms have the nuclear membrane coating a cell nucleus, carry out mitosis, and have mitochondria in the cytoplasm. They mainly include yeast (unicelluar fungi), filamentous fungi, microalgae and protozoa. Thus, the eukaryotic microorganisms is not a natural monophyletic taxon. The Fungi is one of the most significant kingdoms in these Eukaryotic microorganisms which have more species. Definition
MoldsMushroomsFungi YeastsMicroalgae AlgaeProtozoaEukaryotic Microorganisms
The kingdom Fungi is a natural taxon. Members in this kingdom involve very tiny yeast and larger mushroom. In the biologist’s viewpoint, this term fungus indicates those organisms that have true nucleus, produce spores by asexual or sexual reproduction, absorb the nourishment material, have no chloroplast.As the development of biosystematics including fungal systematics, some organisms that were thought to been belong to the Fungi in the past have been classificated into other kingdoms now, For example, Oomycetes and Hyphochytidiomycetes is put into the kingdom Chromista or Straminipila, Myxomycetes and Plasmodiophoremycetes into the Protozoa.
Major characters of fungi
The comparison between Protokaryotic and Eukaryotic MicroorganismsitemEukaryotic microorganismsProkaryotic mocroorganismscell sizelarger(>5mm)smaller(<5mm)major component of cell wallcellulose, chitinpeptidoglycancytoplasmmitochondria＋－mesosome－＋lysosome＋－Golgi body＋－microtubule＋－cache inclusionStarch et al.PHB et al.ribisome80S70Snucleusnuclear membrane＋－nucleolus＋－chromosome1 to several piece, with histone1 piece，without histone
Cell Structure of Eukaryotic MicroorganismCell Wallyeast: mannan and glucanfungi：chitinFlagellumCytomembrane9+2 typesterol
lysosomemicrobodylomasomehydrogenosomeCytoplasma and Cell Nucleousvacuolemicrofilummitochondria
Section 1 Filamentous fungi——MoldsFungi also are extensive to distribute in moist place and are very important to mankind, the current benefit is again harmful. At the vegetative stage, the fungi mainly exit in a form of hypha. Mold is the popularized name of filamentous fungi. There are filamentous fungi nearly throughout the world.
Cited from “Taxonomic illustration of the fungal genus” edited by Zhou Maofan（1983）MyceliumSeptate hyphae andnon-septate hyphaeVegetative bodies
Septum of hyphaThe structure of hypha
The cell structure of fungiCited from “Taxonomic illustration of the fungal genus” edited by Zhou Maofan（1983）
lomasomelomasome of Bipolaris maydisCited from “General Mycology” edited by Xing Laijun and Li Mingchun（1999）
The structure of the hypha top: prolongation section, rigidufication section , formation section of secondary wall, maturation section, septum section, septa sectionCited from “Microbiological course” edited by Zhou Deqing（1993）
Cited from “Taxonomic illustration of the fungal genus” edited by Zhou Maofan（1983）Hyphal tissuePseudoparenchyma Prosenchyma
More Complicated Mycelium TissuesclerotiumstromarhizomorphCited from “Taxonomic illustration of the fungal genus” edited by Zhou Maofan（1983）Cited from “General Mycology” edited by Xing Laijun and Li Mingchun（1999）
sclerotia
Specialization of HyphaeSpecialized vegetative bodiesFruiting bodiesrhizoid, haustorium, tenaculum, hyphopodium, stolen, ring, net and so onAsexual, such as pycnidiumSexual, such as perithecium
specialized vegetative bodiesrhizoidhaustoriumCited from “General Mycology” edited by Xing Laijun and Li Mingchun（1999）
specialized vegetative bodiesring and netringnetA ellworm being captured by the rings under the transmitted electronic microscopy
specialized vegetative bodiesappresoriuminfection hyphaappresoriuma sporebud
ReproductionAsexual sporesare formed by the aerial mycelium of one organism. When these spores germinate, they become organisms that are genetically identical to the parent. Sexual sporesresult from the fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains of the same species of fungus. Organisms that grow from sexual spores will have genetic characteristics of both parental strains.
Asexual Fruiting BodyA、Zoosporangium and zoosporangiophoreB、Sporangium and sporangiophoreC、Conidium and conidiophoreD、Conidium and synnemaE、Conidium and pycnidiumF、Conidium and acervulusG、Conidium and sporodochium
asexual fruiting bodies in DeuteromycotinapycnidiumacervulussporodochiumconidiaconidiasetaeThe conidia of many fungi usually form in a certain fruiting body, such as pycnidium, sporodochium and acervulus.
sporangium and sporangiophoreasexual fruiting bodies in Zygomycotina
Sexual Fruiting Body in AscomycotinaCleistotriciumPeritheciumApothecium
Sexual Fruiting Bodies in AscomycotinaCleistotricium Perithecium ApotheciumCited from “Microbiological course” edited by Zhou Deqing（1993）
Spores of Fungiasexual sporesLower fungi: zoospores, sporangiosporesHigher fungi: conidia, chlamydospores, ballistospores
Conidia of PenicillumPenicillum sp. (×1,560)Penicillumsp. (×3,220)
conidia of Aspergillussp.chlamydospore
Afungalsexualsporeresultsfromsexualreproduction,consistingofthreephases:1.Ahaploidnucleusofadonorcell(+)penetratesthecytoplasmofarecipientcell(Plasmogamy).2.The(+)and(-)nucleifusetoformadiploidzygotenucleus(Karyogamy).3.Bymeiosis,thediploidnucleusgivesrisetohaploidnuclei(sexualspores),someofwhichmaybegeneticrecombinants(Meiosis).Sexual Spores
lower fungi: oospores(Mastigomycotina), zygospores(Zygomycotina)higher fungi: ascospores(Ascomycotina), basidiospores(Basidiomycotina)zygosporessexual spores
basidium and ascosporesbasidiosporessexual spores
ItemSpores of fungiEndospores of bacteriasizelargersmallernumberseveral produced from a hypha or a somaone produced from a cellshapevarious shape and coloursimple shapeforming placeether in the cell or out the cellonly in the cellcell nucleuseukaryoticprokaryoticfunctionthe most important reproduction formresistant structure, but reproduction formresistant to heateasily killed at 60~~70ºC rapidlyusually killed at more 100ºC and in several minuteskinds producing themproduced by most speciesproduced by a little species◎The comparison between spores of fungi and endospores of bacteria
colony of mould
Colony of spore colour mutant of Aspergillus nidulans
Reproduction of YeastThe wall of mother cell attenuates. The materialssynthesized newly is deposited. The dissepiment forms.The filial cells deviates.The mother cell: bud scar; the filial cell: birth scarAsexual ReproductionBudding
fissionSchizosaccharomycessp.
Sexual ReproductionThis is a process that two cells with different shape and sex carry through plasmogamy, karyogamy and meiosis and bring spores.The sketch map showing the formation of yeast ascospores
Karyogamy(2N)ascospoes（N）soma（N）filial generation(N)Plasmogamy(N+N)buddingbuddingThe Life History of YeastThe life historic type which the haploid and diploid soma coexists.germinationmeiosisfilial generation(2N)
CharactersA. Asexual reproducition: buddingB. Sexual reproduction: bring 4 ascosporesC. With haploid and diploid soma
Saccharomyces cerevisiaeCited from “General Mycology” edited by Xing Laijun and Li Mingchun（1999）
soma(N) filial generation(N) plasmogamykaryogamy(2N)ascospores(N)fissionmeiosisThe haploid type of life history (The diploid soma cannot exist and live by itself.)budding
CharactersA. The soma is haploid and the diploidcannot live independently.B. The method of asexual reproduction isfission.C. 8 ascospores are brought by sexualreproduction.
Schizosaccharomyces octosporusCited from “General Mycology” edited by Xing Laijun and Li Mingchun（1999）
Soma(2N) filial generation(2N)ascospores(four)plasmogamykaryogamy（2N）（N+N）（N）buddingmeiosisThe diploid type of life history (The haploid soma cannot exist and live by itself.)germination
A.The soma is diploid and the haploidcannot live independently.B.The method of asexual reproductionis budding.C.4 haploid ascospores are brought bysexual reproduction.characters
Sacchromycodes ludwigiiCited from “General Mycology” edited by Xing Laijun and Li Mingchun（1999）
Colony of Yeastdrab color: usually milky white being easy to pick, with trim or coarse rim edgehaving vino aroma
Section III MushroomThe mushroom (macrofungi) is used to indicate generally those fungi that produce larger fruting bodies which partial structure can be seen without the aid of instruments. Most of macrofungi belong to the subphylum Basidiomycotina, few to the Ascomycotina. Evolution HistoryCell StructureIndividual DevelopmentBiological CharectersResearch Methods
Basidiocarp structureThe life history ofmushroom
The development of mushroom hyphaeThe hyphae of mushroom are differentiated into the first hypha with single nucleus, the secondary hypha with two nucleus and the third hypha composing basidiocarp.The formation of clamp connection
Forming basidiocarpThe type structure of mushroom
Producing basidiosporesThe formation of basidiospores
mildew and rot of corn,food,cloth and soonanimal disease (such as grey nail andtinea)plant disease (rice blast, wheat rust)toxinApplication of FungiBenefit aspect (such as industrial production)citric acid, gluconic acid and other organic acidcellulase, protease and other enzymepenicillin, cephalosporin and other antibioticssauce, crème and other traditional flavor foodHarmful aspect
The Importance of FungiEnzyme Plant DiseaseOrganic acid Animal and mankind diseaseAntibiotics Mould and rotAlkaloid ToxinPhytohormoneBiocontrolBiotransformationSewage treatmentScinetific ResearchFermentationEdible mushroomExperimental Model
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