19 英文版PowerPoint课件 Chapter 9 Microbial Ecology.ppt

第1页：Chapter 9 Microbial Ecology

Chapter 9Microbial Ecology

第2页：Microbiological Ecology:Microbial

Microbiological Ecology:Microbial ecology is thestudy of the behavior andactivities of microorganismsin their natural environments.

第3页：9.1 Microorganisms

9.1 Microorganisms in NatureEcosystem9.1.1 MicroorganismsinAquaticEnvironment1. Freshwatermicroorganism（1）Oligotrophic hydromicroorganism（2）Copiotrophic hydromicroorganism2. Marine microorganism

第4页：Figure9-1 Thiomargarita

• Figure9-1 Thiomargarita namibiensis,the World`s Knownthe Largest Bacterium.[From Lansing
• M. Prescott et al Microbiology (fifth edition)]

第5页：9.1.2 Microorganisms

9.1.2 Microorganisms inatmosphereTable 9-1 Bacterium quantity in 1M3air in different environmentsEnvironmentNumbersbarn1-2×106dorm20000city street5000Town park200Air up the ocean1-2north pole（northlatitude80°）0（From ZhouDeqin,<Microbiology Course> ,Edition One,Page284)

第6页：9.1.3 Microorganisms

9.1.3 Microorganisms in SoilEnvironmentBacterium quantities have a general decupledegression law per gram soil：bacteria（～108）＞actinomyces（～107）＞mildew（～106）＞microzyne（～105）＞algae（～104）＞protozoan（～103）

第7页：9.1.4 Microorganism

9.1.4 Microorganism Growninside and outside Organisms1、Normal Microbiota of the HumansBody and Animals.2、The Microbiota of the Plants（1）RhizosphereMicroorganisms（2）adnascent Microorganisms（3）endogenesis Microorganisms

第8页：9.2 The Relationships

9.2 The Relationships ofMicrobials and also with otherOrganisms1.Neutralism2. Mutualism(1) Mutualismbetween microorganisms(2) Mutualismbetween propagation and microorganisms3. Symbiosis（1）Symbiosisbetween microorganisms（2）Plant-microorganismsymbiosis（3）Animal-microorganismsymbiosis

第9页：AceticacidLightFigure9-2MutualismmechanismbetweenDesulfuromonas.acetoxidansandCh

AceticacidLightFigure9-2MutualismmechanismbetweenDesulfuromonas.acetoxidansandChlorobiumsp.Desulfuromonas.acetoxidansCell fundusChlorobium sp.CellfundusSH2SCO2CO2

第10页：Figure 9－3 Diagrammatize

Figure 9－3 Diagrammatize transverse sectionabout plant`s Endomycorrhizaeand Ectomycorrhizae

第11页：spitFibrous fodderNature

spitFibrous fodderNature bacteriumQuickly reproduce in the rumenCO2，CH4，H2…A great deal thalli was digested by the abomasumexcrementmilk，beefOrganicacid，ethanolAbsorbbyrumenGasfrommouthFigure9-4microbialmetabolizerelationinmilchcow’srumen

第12页：4. Parasitism（1）Parasitism

4. Parasitism（1）Parasitism between microorganisms（2）Plant-Microorganism Parasitism（3）Animal-microorganism Parasitism

第13页：5.AntagonismABFigure

5.AntagonismABFigure 9－5 Antagonistic between Microbes（Figure A :Antagonistic bacillus antibiotic production and inhibition of growth of Verticillium dahliae；FigureB: Antagonistic, Actinomycete antibiotic production and inhibition of growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinumon an agar medium）

第14页：6PredationFigture 9－

6PredationFigture 9－6 Predatory Fungus catch Nematode（From ZhangKeqin Predatory Fungus Biology>2001）

第15页：9.3 Microbial’s effect

9.3 Microbial’s effect inbiogeochemical cycles1. Carbon cycleCO2+H2OFossilfuelRespiratonO2+“CH2O”Alcohol，OrganicAcid，H2+CO2CH4Photosyn-thesisZymosisAerobicAnaerobicFigure9－7Carbon、Hydrogen、Oxygencycleinthenature

第16页：2. NitrogencycleOrgaismnitrogenNH4+NO3-NO2-NON2ONH2OHNH4+②nitrificationNitrateas

2. NitrogencycleOrgaismnitrogenNH4+NO3-NO2-NON2ONH2OHNH4+②nitrificationNitrateassimil-ation⑤AmmoniumassimilationbiologyNitrogenfixation⑥DissimilationNitratereduction⑧Anammoxprocess②Nitrification④AmmonifyingFigture9－8TheBasicNitrogenCycle（Redarrows:Interactionbetweenmicroorganismsandplants；Yellowarrows:ImportanttachesinNitrogenFixation.)assimilationAtmosphereN2

第17页：3.Sulfur CycleSSO42-H2SOrganicsulfur④Desulfovibrio①Sulfatereduction②Mineralizati

• 3.Sulfur CycleSSO42-H2SOrganicsulfur④Desulfovibrio①Sulfatereduction②Mineralization③Sulfur oxidation⑤SulferreductionFigure9－9TheBasicSulurCycle（Redarrow:Reactionoperatebyplantsandmicroorganismstogether）
• ③Sulfuroxidation

第18页：4.Phosphorus CycleInfusibilityPhosphatePhosphorous

4.Phosphorus CycleInfusibilityPhosphatePhosphorous Acid or Dissolubility PhosphateOrganicPhosphorusCombinedwithelectropositiveinsoilActionofacidproductmicroorganismsorproductionofPhosphorusPlantsandMicroorganism’sAssimilationMicrobialdecomposeFigure9-10MicroorganismsinPhosphorusCycle

第19页：5. Iron CycleAerobicAnaerobicFe2+Fe3+Fe3O4Fe3O4Ferribacteriumlimneticum,Geobacte

5. Iron CycleAerobicAnaerobicFe2+Fe3+Fe3O4Fe3O4Ferribacteriumlimneticum,Geobactermetallireducens,Geobactersulfurreducens,Geovibrioferrireducens,DesulfuromonasacetoxidansAnaerobicpurplephootrophicbacteriaAquaspirillummagnetotacticumUnknownchemicalFigure9-11ThebasicIroncycleAerobic,Thiobacillu．Thermophilic,Sulfol-obus

第20页：9. 4 Microorganisms

9. 4 Microorganisms and theEnvironment Pollution1. Pollution caused by microorganisms（1）Atmosphere Pollution（2）Aquatic Environment Pollution（3）Terrestrial Environment Pollution（4）Eutrophication (nutrientenrichment)（5）Pollution from microbe’ metabolizeoutcome

第21页：Table 9-2Pathogen

Table 9-2Pathogen microbes Spread by Atmosphere andthe Disease Caused by ThemPathogen microbeName of diseaseBacteriaMycobacterium tuberculosisStreptococcus pneumoniae Staphylococcus spStreptococcus pyogenesNeisseria meningitidisCorynebacterium diphtheriaeBordetella pertussisYersinia pestisBacillus anthracisLegionella pneumophilaBacteria DiseasePhthisicStreptococcal pneumoniaStaphylococcal respiratory infectionsStreptococcal sore throat Scarlet feverEpidemiccerebrospinal meningitisDiphtheriaChincoughPlaguePulmonary AnthraxLegionnaires’ diseaseVirusInfluenza virusPicornaviridae Parotitis virus Measles virusVariola virusChicken poxvirusMeaslesAdenovirusVirosisInfluenza,FluCommon coldMumpsMeaslesSmallpoxCChicken poxMeaslesPharyngitis\virosis pneumonia..Other Pathogen microbeCoxiella burnetiiMycoplasma preumoniaeActinomadura asteroidesHistoplasma capsulatumCryptococcus neoformansMicropolyspora faeniOther diseasesQ hotMycoplasmal pneumoniaN.asteroides’ diseaseHistoplasmosisCryptococcosisHaystacks

第22页：Table 9-3Pathogen

Table 9-3Pathogen Microbes Enter into Water ThroughDejection、SewageBacteriaVirusothersSalmonellaShigellaEnteropathogenicE.coliProteusKlebsiellaFrancisellatularensisPseudomonasserratiaY.enterocoliticas

第23页：Table 9-4 Several

Table 9-4 Several pathogenic organisms’surviving time in the soilPathogenic organismsTimeEnterococcus faecalisSalmonellaShigellaTubercle bacillusBartonellaHenselaeLeptospiraBacillus anthracisEntamoeba histoluytic26~77Days15~280Days,more than280Days1~3 Months

第24页：Table 9-5 Comparation

Table 9-5 Comparation of Microbial in Oligotrophic and Eutrophic LakesItermEutrophic LakesOligotrophicn lakesNumberKindsDistributionMove at dayandnightMassivebloomsMain algaAbundanceLessMostly on the surface ofwaterLimitRegulantyCyanophyceaeChroococcaceaeMicrocystisMicrocystisaerugrinosa

第25页：Table 9-6 May Epiphyte

• Table 9-6 May Epiphyte Toxins and it’s Production BacteriumToxin kindsNamePrimary bacteriumLiver toxinAflatoxinSterigmotocystinP.isandicum、luteoskyrin、cyclochlorotinRubrafoxin BOchratoxin AAspergillus flavus、A.parasiticusA.versicoloe、
• A. nidulansIslanditoxin

第26页：2. Indicater Organisms

2. Indicater Organisms as anindex of possible contaminationCurrent Drinking Water Standards in China：No morethan 100 bacteriums in single1mltap water，and nomore than3coliforms in single1Lwater.When water is polluted by fecal contamination，bacterias and coliforms will increase. Commonly，Bacterias in1mlwater:10-

第27页：3. Microorganisms’

• 3. Microorganisms’ Repair toEnvironment Contamination（1）、Principles and Applications ofMicroorganisms used in Waste WaterTreatment1、General guidelines for microbiologicquality of waters：
• 2、Aerobic Microbial Treatment3、Anaerobic Microbial Treatment4、Activated Sludge Treatment5、Membrane Filtration Technique6、Photosynthetic Bacteria Treatment

第28页：Figure 9-12 Metallograph

Figure 9-12 Metallograph of the Floc formed by the zoogloea bacilli and the filamentous bacilliin Activated Sludge [From Lansing M.Prescott et al Microbiology(fifth edition)]

第29页：Dense waste waterBOD

Dense waste waterBOD10000ml/LUnfreeze treatmentAdjust pHPSBtreatmentNo.1Refluence Cultivate troughBacterium troughNo.2No.3No.4Deposition poolOxidationpoolThalli utilizationRare wasteBOD500ml/LauoundFigure 9-13 Waste Water Treatment with Photosynthetic Bacteria

第30页：InputwaterChlorinationvesselsActivatedsludgevesselsPrimaryclarifiersFinalclarifi

InputwaterChlorinationvesselsActivatedsludgevesselsPrimaryclarifiersFinalclarifiersSecondaryclarifiersOutputwaterFigure9-14AnAerialViewofaModernConventionalSewageTreatmentPlant.

第31页：Table9-7 Major steps

Table9-7 Major steps in Primary, Secondary,and Tertiary Treatment of WastesTreatingstepprocessesPrimaryRemoval of insoluble particulate materials bysetting, screening, addition of alum andother coagulation agents, and otherphysical proceduresSecondaryBioloigical removal of dissolved organicmatter

第32页：（2）Operation and Applications

（2）Operation and Applications indealing with Exhaust gas byMicroorganismsMicroorganism filter method:A method using solid grain ,which containmicroorganisms to absorb infectant in theair ,and then the microorganisms transfer themintoinnocuitysubstance. The common solidgrain are soil and compost, some are biology

第33页：（3）:Microorganisms

（3）:Microorganisms used intreating solid castoffs, Methodsand Applications1、Aerobiccompost2、Anaerobiccompost

第34页：References

• References[1]Bull A T,Goodfellow M,Slater J
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• R. J Bacteriol,1998,180(18):4765～4774.[6]Presciit,L M.,Harley,J P.,Klein,D
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• 2002,421～693[7]Jenkins.D.,Olson,Water and Wastewater Microbiology,Pergamon Press,
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