09 第九章 Minerals and Elements.ppt

第1页：矿物质与微量元素封面

Minerals & Elements

第2页：矿物质的分布

§1 Intriduction

Distribution 1.In the Earth

2.In the Body: 20 kinds mainly, >70 kinds 3.Influence: Earth, Water, Food

第3页：元素周期表

元素周期表*

第4页：常量元素与微量元素分类

矿物质分类

第5页：

第6页：矿物质的特点

Typicality

• Only from food and drink
• Variety in different organs
• Assisting and anti-assisting
• Small quantity in body

第7页：矿物质的生理功能

Physiological function

• Important ingredients in body
• Maintaining the balance of p H, osmosis and penetration in cell or in body
• Transduction of Muscle and Nerve
• Synthesis of functional materials

第8页：矿物质缺乏的原因

Deficiency

• Distribution in the environment
• Inhibitors in foods
• Losing in food processing
• Special requirement for human
• Delaying action

第9页：矿物质的安全摄入范围

Safety Range (< 85%)

第10页：钙的含量与更新

§2 Calcium

• The first element in the body
• Content：Adult 850-1200g in total Infant 28g at born≌1.5-2.0% in BW
• Renew：Adult 2-4% one year, 700mg/d>45 age 0.7% a year Baby 1-2 year in total p 106-108

第11页：钙在体内的分布

Distribution 1.99% in Bone and Teeth 2.1% in body liquid (miscible calcium pool)*2.1 In blood: 46%-link-protein 6.5%-salt 47.5%-ion-Ca 2.2 Total Content in serum: relative stability[Ca+2] = 2.25-2.75 mmol/L

第12页：钙吸收的影响因素

Effective Factors

• 1 The ratio of Ca：P in food (1-2:1)2 Special materials in vegetables (fiber, oxalic /phytic acid)
• 3 Hormones in body
• 4 Vitamin D/Sunny
• 5 Aging

第13页：钙的生理功能

Ca function 1.Ingredient for bone and teeth 2.Improving enzyme activity 3.Maintaining nerve and muscle actionwith Mg, Zn 1.Others

第14页：钙的吸收与代谢

Ca Absorption & Metabolism 1.Absorbed Position: in small intestine Active transfer by ATP & Vit.D 2.Absorption in food = 10-30%3.Most excreted by feces 20% in urine 30% in sweat 100-150mg/dl in milk 4.Deposit in bone & teeth 5.Exchange in blood

第15页：钙的推荐摄入量

中国成年人钙的膳食参考摄入量

第16页：

第17页：钙的食物来源与相关疾病

Good Sources & Improving

• Milk & its products
• Shrimp, meat, egg
• Ca Supplement
• Vit.D, lactose, Isoflavones Diseases
• Bone loss/osteoporosis
• Richets
• Tetany

第18页：磷的含量与分布

§3 Phosphorus, P p 109-110

• Content：Adult 650g in total ≌1% in BW¼ in salt
• Distribution 1.85-90% in Bone and Teeth 2.10-15% in body liquid Total Content in Serum: 0.87-1.45 mmol/L Adult Total Content in Serum: 1.45-2.78 mmol/L Child

第19页：磷的功能与代谢

P Function

• Important ingredient in bone & teeth
• Taking part in energy metabolism
• Ingredient of RNA & DNA, membrane
• Ingredient of enzyme
• Adjusting the balance of acid-alkali P Absorption & Metabolism
• Absorbed in small intestine
• Absorption：60-70% in mixed food
• Excreted by 2/3 urine

第20页：磷的膳食参考摄入量

磷的RDA/DRIs

第21页：磷的食物来源

Food sources

• Cereals (richer)
• Aquatic products
• Meat, Poultry
• nuts

第22页：镁的含量与分布

§4 Magnesium, Mg p 110-112

Content

20-35g/70kg BW, 0.05% in total

Distribution

60-70% in bone 27% in muscle 6-7% in other tissues 1% in blood

Normal range in serum

20-30mg/L

第23页：镁的功能与摄入量

Mg Function

• Improving enzyme activity
• Maintaining nerve and muscle action*Smooth/relax muscle (similar to Ca)
• Ingredient for Gut (Mg O) RDA300-350mg/d Mg+Cl

第24页：硫的含量与功能

§5 Sulfur, S

• Content：0.25%
• Distribution 1 S-protein, Met, Cys 2 Others: Vit.B2, Insulin, Biotin, Co A
• Function with protein 1 Ingredients for growing factor, ossein/artilage 2 Taking part in many biochemical action
• Excretion：85-90% in urine

第25页：铁的含量与分布

§6 Iron, Fep 113-115

• Essential microelement
• Deposition：3-5g Adult, 0.004-0.006% in Body
• Distribution 60-70% Hemoglobin 3% Myoglobin; 1% enzyme-Fe
• Storage：30% in ferritin & hemosiderin
• Normal range：Male 120-140g/LFemale 110-130g/L

第26页：铁的生理功能

Fe Function

• Inner-respiration in tissue
• Carrying O2
• Keeping normal blood creative/ RBC
• Others：Vit.ATransferrin Lipids carrier

第27页：

第28页：铁的吸收与代谢

Fe Absorption & Metabolism

• Absorption in small intestine (Fe 2+)
• Excretion：90% in feces
• Effects 1 Foods 2 Drug/diseases 3 HCl, Inn in stomach 4 Vit. C: , B12

第29页：铁的摄入量与食物来源

铁的RDA/DRIs与食物来源

良好来源：肉类、肝脏、蛋等；缺乏可致贫血，过量则促进氧化损伤。

第30页：碘的含量与分布

§7 Iodine, Ip 115-117

• Deposition 20-50mg, 0.5mg/kg BW
• Distribution：70-80% in thyroid gland (12-18mg) 16.2% T4 7.6% T333.4% T2 32.7% T
• Function：Thyroid 3 kinds
• Absorption and Metabolism：Total in 3hs
• Deficiency or over：Area, anti-factors in food
• RDA/DRIs：RNI 150-200µg/d; UL 1000µg/d
• Good source：Aquatic products

第31页：碘缺乏与过量

碘缺乏：地方性甲状腺肿胎儿期（呆小病）克汀病碘过量: 甲状腺癌碘强化食物: 碘盐

第32页：锌的含量与功能

§8 Zinc, Zn p 118-119

• Deposition：2-2.5g in total; 2ndtrace element
• Distribution：All of oranges 75-80% in RBC; 3-5% in WBC
• Function：Ingredients of enzymes (200 kinds more) Promoting growth Improving immune, appetite, mucosa Keeping membrane structure
• Absorption and Metabolism：20-30% in smallintestine with Fe, Cu----
• Deficiency or over：>2g/d
• RNI15/11.5mg/d UL45/37mg/d
• Zn rich in food：Aquatic products, animal food

第33页：硒的发现与功能

§9 Selenium, Se P120-121

• 1957 Chinese experts identified Se function in human
• Deposition 14-20 mg in body
• Distribution：Variety in cells or in organs
• Function type：Se-Met from food Se-Cys /active in body -CH3 GSH-Px 4 kinds of function

第34页：硒的吸收与缺乏

• Absorption：small intestine
• Excretion：most in urinelitter in lung or sweat
• Deficiency or over：Area and food/water 克山病/14 省 Toxin/恩施白肌病大骨节病生殖障碍
• RNI50ug/d UL400ug/d

第35页：铜的含量与代谢

§10 Copper, Cu*p 121-122

• Content：50-120mg
• Distribution：50-70% in muscle & bone 20% in liver 5-10% in blood
• Function：4 kinds
• Absorption：40% in small intestine
• Excretion：80% in feces
• Metabolism：90%-binding protein in blood
• Deficiency or over：Anemia; Toxin
• RNI 1.25mg/d, AI 2.0mg/d, UL 8mg/d

第36页：铬与葡萄糖耐量因子

§11 Chromium, Cr 3+*p 122-123

• Content：5-10mg
• An Ingredient of glucose tolerance factor, GTF(1957)
• Function：increasing insulin action, HDL and apol-a
• Absorption：litter in gut
• RNI 50-200ug/d in US; AI 50ug/d UL500ug/d
• Food sources

第37页：氟的含量与摄入量

§12 Fluorine，F*p 124

• Content：2.9g, most in bone and teeth
• Function：Bone & teeth, nerve
• Absorption：75-90% in small intestine
• Excretion：50-80% in urine, litter in feces or skin
• Over：Effect on Ca absorbing
• AI 1.5mg/d, UL 3.0mg/d

第38页：锰的含量与摄入量

§13 Manganese, Mnp 125-126

• Content：200-400µmol
• Normal range in blood：200nmol
• Function：4 kinds
• Absorption：2-15% in small intestine
• Excretion：>90% in feces
• Deficiency：关节病，关节囊水肿，运动失调
• AI 3.5mg/d UL10mg/d
• Food sources

第39页：钴的含量与功能

§14 Cobalt, Co*p 126

• Content：1.1-1.5mg in body
• An Ingredient in Vit. B12
• Function：For RBC, N.
• Deficiency：Effect on RBC and I absorbing
• Toxin：Pure
• AI 60µg/d UL 350µg/d

第40页：矿物质思考题

思考题

• 1 何为宏量元素，又称为？2 何为微量元素，为什么
• 3 食物提供的 Ca 和 P 如何搭配易于吸收
• 4 Ca 的重要性是什么
• 5 一般情况下容易缺 Zn 吗
• 6 哪些人群易出现缺 Fe 性贫血
• 7 I 缺乏会产生何种不良症状
• 8 Se 的重要性
• 9 近年对氟的认识
• 10 二价元素的互作关系？