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本课件继续讨论明渠恒定非均匀渐变流,推导渐变流的基本微分方程,说明水面线的变化规律与分区,并结合控制断面分析棱柱形渠道水面曲线的类型与衔接,并配合典型渠道水面线的定性绘制示例。
第三讲第一章明渠均匀流与非均匀渐变流SteadyUniformandGraduallyVariedFlows第一章明渠均匀流与非均匀渐变流SteadyUniformandGraduallyVariedFlows作业:P7119(1)(2)(3)
上节讨论题上节讨论题2‘h12E21E1ΔzEE2H2ΔzH1E1h122‘1根据能量方程证明:上游为缓流时,水流遇到台阶后水面下降;
上游为急流时,水流遇到台阶后水面上升。
忽略台阶处的局部损失根据能量方程证明:上游为缓流时,水流遇到台阶后水面下降;
忽略台阶处的局部损失
证明dH/ds=dz/ds+d(h+v2/2g)/dh(dh/ds)=0dz/ds+(1−Fr2)dh/ds=0H=z+h+v2/2g=const忽略能量损失dz/ds=(Fr2−1)dh/ds>0缓流,Fr<
1dh/ds<
0急流,Fr<
1dh/ds>
内容提要内容提要
局部损失hj=0(棱柱,非棱柱)
非均匀渐变流非均匀渐变流i>
0θv+dv11v22JdS00hcosθbzv22g2g(v+dv)2(h+dh)cosθzb+dzbJhBedslopeHydraulicgradelineEnergylineWithanaturalstream,theslopeofthebedandtheshapeandthesizeofthecrosssectionusuallyvarytosuchanextentthattrueuniformflowisrare.Withanaturalstream,theslopeofthebedandtheshapeandthesizeofthecrosssectionusuallyvarytosuchanextentthattrueuniformflowisrare.Thechangingconditionsextendoveralongdistance,andwecallthisgraduallyvariedflow.Thechangingconditionsextendoveralongdistance,andwecallthisgraduallyvariedflow.
第四节明槽恒定非均匀渐变流的基本方程2jf+dh=0)+dh2gvdzb+dh+d(势能+压能+动能+沿程损失+局部损失变化量变化量变化量势能+压能+动能+沿程损失+局部损失变化量变化量变化量θvdv11v22+Ji>
d0S00hcosθbz2gv22g(v+dv)2(h+dh)cosθbbz+dzJh=z+h+(v2/2g)+dh+dhb222fjz+h+(v2/2g)b111能量守恒:ThetotalenergyofelementaryvolumeofliquidBasicEquationforSteadyGraduallyVariedFlows
一一般形式的能量方程:下表列出相关数据。
| 物理量 | 数值 |
|---|---|
| dh | 0dv |
| dhj | 0v |
| dhj | 0dzb |
一一般形式的能量方程EnergyEquationinGeneralForm一一般形式的能量方程EnergyEquationinGeneralForm1122θvi>
0dSv+dv0hcosθzb0v22g2g(v+dv)2(h+dh)cosθzb+dzbJJh恒定均匀流恒定均匀流dh=0dv=0+dhf+dhj=0v2dzb+dh+d(2g)dzb+dhf+dhj=0dzb=−dhw恒定均匀流的基本方程
二人工渠槽比能沿程变化的微分方程TheGoverningEquationforSpecificEnergyinArtificialChannel二人工渠槽比能沿程变化的微分方程TheGoverningEquationforSpecificEnergyinArtificialChannel人工渠槽包括:棱柱型和非棱柱型渠槽人工渠槽包括:棱柱型和非棱柱型渠槽+dhf+dhj=0v2dzb+dh+d(2g)视dhj=0fdEs=i−Jds思考题:何时dEs/ds>
何时dEs/ds<
1122vi>
0θdSv+dv0hcosθzb0v22g2g(v+dv)2(h+dh)cosθzb+dzbJJh
三.棱柱型明槽水深沿程变化的微分方程三.棱柱型明槽水深沿程变化的微分方程dzb+dh+d(v2/2g)+dhf=0dhj=0渐变流渐变流jdz+dh+d(v2/2g)+dh+dh=0bf+()+=0dhv2ds2gdsdzdhddsdsfb+dhfds1−Fr2i−J=dhdhdAdhQ2gA3dhdsQ2gA/BA2ds1d1(2)2gdsAds2gdv2=−Fr2ds=−2=−1Q()=水深沿程变化微分方程重点ThegoverningequationforwaterdepthinprismchannelflowsThegoverningequationforwaterdepthinprismchannelflows
四天然河道水位沿程变化微分方程四天然河道水位沿程变化微分方程天然河道2=0fdsds2gdz+(1+
第五节棱柱型明槽恒定非均匀渐变流水面变化的分析Analysisofwatersurfaceprofilesingraduallyvariedflows第五节棱柱型明槽恒定非均匀渐变流水面变化的分析Analysisofwatersurfaceprofilesingraduallyvariedflows一棱柱型明槽恒定非均匀渐变流的水面线型式Watersurfaceprofilesforsteadygraduallyflowsinprismchannel一棱柱型明槽恒定非均匀渐变流的水面线型式WatersurfaceprofilesforsteadygraduallyflowsinprismchannelN缓坡i<
ic123CThenormaldepthandcriticaldepthlinesdividethespaceabovethechannelbottominto3regions.TheregionabovebothlinesisdesignatedasZone1;
theoneisbellowbothlinesisreferredasZone3;
andthatbetweenthelinesiscalledZone2Thenormaldepthandcriticaldepthlinesdividethespaceabovethechannelbottominto3regions.TheregionabovebothlinesisdesignatedasZone1;
andthatbetweenthelinesiscalledZone2Thenameofwaterprofile:Aletterisusedtoindicatethetypeofthebottomslope,andanumberisusedtoindicatetherelativepositionoftheprofilewithrespectwiththehcandh0.Thenameofwaterprofile:Aletterisusedtoindicatethetypeofthebottomslope,andanumberisusedtoindicatetherelativepositionoftheprofilewithrespectwiththehcandh0.
一棱柱型明槽恒定非均匀渐变流的水面线型式Watersurfaceprofilesforsteadygraduallyflowsinprismchannel一棱柱型明槽恒定非均匀渐变流的水面线型式Watersurfaceprofilesforsteadygraduallyflowsinprismchannel不论什么样的底坡,都遵循以下规律:讨论:为什么?
h0h<
hch>
hc2h>
h01i>
JfJf>
iFr<
1Fr>
1vθh0hcvθh0hc基本方程基本方程dh=i−Jfds1−Fr2
h0,h<
hcds1−Fr2dh=i−Jf不论什么样的底坡,都成立+=+>0rl−F2dsdh=i−Jf一.Watersurfaceprofilesforsteadygraduallyflowsinprismchannel一.Watersurfaceprofilesforsteadygraduallyflowsinprismchannel1区:h>
h0,h>
h<
hc或hc<
h<
h<
h<
h0−=+<0rl−F2dsdh=i−Jf−=−>0rl−F2dsdh=i−Jf壅水曲线降水曲线壅水曲线Backwatercurvesdrawdowncurves
一.Watersurfaceprofilesforsteadygraduallyflowsinprismchannel一.Watersurfaceprofilesforsteadygraduallyflowsinprismchannel水面线变化的规律-1水面与正常水深接近时,以渐近线的方式;
水面与临界水深接近时,以垂直的方式;
水深趋近于无穷时,水面为水平线水面与正常水深接近时,以渐近线的方式;
水深趋近于无穷时,水面为水平线1区和3区为壅水曲线2区为降水曲线1区和3区为壅水曲线2区为降水曲线水面线变化的规律-2
1缓坡明槽(mildslopeopencanal)1缓坡明槽(mildslopeopencanal)dh=i−Jfds1−Fr2缓坡i<
icNCM1h>
h0>
hcdh=+>0ds+M1h0HaTheM1CurveThedepthisalreadyabovethecriticalandisincreasedstillfurtherbyadamThedepthisalreadyabovethecriticalandisincreasedstillfurtherbyadam
1缓坡明槽(mildslopeopencanal)1缓坡明槽(mildslopeopencanal)M2hch02fds1−Fri−Jdh=缓坡i<
icNCM2h0>
h>
hc=<0ds−dh+TheM2CurveM2curverepresentingacceleratedsubcriticalflowonaslopethatisflatterthancritical,becauseofthecontrolofdownstream.Thecontrolisnotanobstructionbuttheremovalofthehydrostaticresistanceofthewaterdownstream,asinthecaseofthefreeoverfallM2curverepresentingacceleratedsubcriticalflowonaslopethatisflatterthancritical,becauseofthecontrolofdownstream.Thecontrolisnotanobstructionbuttheremovalofthehydrostaticresistanceofthewaterdownstream,asinthecaseofthefreeoverfall
1缓坡明槽(mildslopeopencanal)1缓坡明槽(mildslopeopencanal)M3M1h0h>
h0>
hc缓坡i<
icNCM2M1h0>
h>
hc=<0ds−dh+ds+dh=+>0h0>
hc>
h=>0ds−dh−M3Thisoccursbecauseofanupstreamcontrol,likethesluicegate.Thebedslopeisnotsufficienttosustainlower-stageflow,andatacertainpoint(determinedbyenergyandmomentumrelations),thesurfacewillpassthroughahydraulicjumpThisoccursbecauseofanupstreamcontrol,likethesluicegate.Thebedslopeisnotsufficienttosustainlower-stageflow,andatacertainpoint(determinedbyenergyandmomentumrelations),thesurfacewillpassthroughahydraulicjumpdh=i−Jfds1−Fr2TheM3Curve
陡坡i>
icNCdh=+>0ds+=<0ds−dh+=>0ds−dh−hc>
h>
h0hc>
h0>
hS3hch0S21h0S3h0S1S1h02.陡坡明槽(SteepSlopeOpenCanal)2.陡坡明槽(SteepSlopeOpenCanal)dh=i−Jfds1−Fr2h>
hc>
h0s1s2onasteepslopeAnobstructionproduceanS1curveupstream.ItisprecededbyahydraulSicjumpTheS2curveshowsacceleratedlower-stageflow,smoothlyapproachinguniformdepthThesluicegateonasteepchannelwillproducetheS3curve,whichalsoapproachessmoothlythuniformdepthline
C3C1h<
hch>
hch0=hcC1C3h0=hcNChc3临界底坡明槽(CriticalSlopeOpenCanal)3临界底坡明槽(CriticalSlopeOpenCanal)ds+dh=+>0=>0ds−dh−C1C3为水平线,证明见P38ds1−Fr2dh=i−JfThesecurvesdonotoccurfrequently.Weshouldavoidcreatingconditions临界坡thati=icproducethemebecauseoftheinherentinstabilityofsuchflows.Thesecurvesdonotoccurfrequently.Weshouldavoidcreatingconditionsthatproducethemebecauseoftheinherentinstabilityofsuchflows.C1C3为水平线,证明见P38
小结小结一般形式的能量方程一般形式的能量方程人工渠槽断面比能沿程变化的微分方程人工渠槽断面比能沿程变化的微分方程=0jfv2dzb+dh+d(2g)+dh+dhfdE=i−Jds天然河道水位沿程变化微分方程天然河道水位沿程变化微分方程v2dsds2gdz+d(1+
小结小结棱柱型明槽恒定非均匀渐变流水面线分析棱柱型明槽恒定非均匀渐变流水面线分析1区:h>
h0,h>
h<
hc或hc<
h<
h0,h<
hc壅水曲线降水曲线壅水曲线棱柱型明槽水深沿程变化的微分方程dh=i−Jfds1−Fr2
小结小结水面线变化的规律-1水面时,水面与正常水深接近时,以渐近线的方式;
水面与临界水深接近时,以垂直的方式;
水深趋近于无穷为水平线1区和3区为壅水曲线2区为降水曲线水面线变化的规律-2棱柱型明槽恒定非均匀渐变流水面线变化分析(正坡-缓坡、陡坡、临界底坡)
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