页数:54页文件大小:12.65 MB来源: 仪器分析及实验ppt课件
本课件围绕色谱法展开,从A Brief History of讲到Developing of Chro,并延伸至色谱法的流出曲线及有关术语,说明相关原理、仪器结构与定量方法要点,逐页图示与文字版对照编排。
Chapter Five Gas Chromatography (GC)第五章色谱法(1)精品课程仪器分析(含实验)
色谱法ChromatographyContents in 10 hours of studyI色谱法的基本原理Common Concepts and Principles of ChromatographyII 气相色谱法Gas Chromatography (GC)III 高效液相色谱法High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
色谱法的基本原理Common Concepts and Principles of Chromatography1 概述Introductiona)色谱法的发展简史A Brief History of Chromatography1903, Russian botanist, M. S. TswettFather of ChromatographyCaCO3petroleum ether Sample: Plant pigmentsChromat (o) + graph (y)Chromatography
But, up till 1930s the method of Tswett finally receivedrecognition, and became an important tool in bothorganic chemistry and biochemistry laboratories.An manual technique requiring considerable skill, manipulationand time.FromJan Ake Jonsson Ed., Chromatographic Theory and Basic principles, 1987, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New YorkJames M. Miller,Chromatography: Concept and Contrasts, 1988, Wiley, New YorkLeslie S. Ettre, 1941-1951: The Golden Decade of Chromatography, Analyst, 1991,116, 1231Adsorption
1941, British scientists, A.J.P. Martin and R.L.M. Synge(Biochem. J., 1941, 35, 1358)-----------300 mm ×10 mm i.d.waterchloroformChloroform + 0.5% alcoholSilica gel wetted with waterSi-OH···OHHAmino Acids
1944, A.J.P. Martin, R. Cinsden and A.H. Gordondeveloped paper chromatography1950, A.J.P. Martin and G.A. Howard developed reversed-phase chromatography1952, A.J.P. Martin and A.T. JamesGas-liquid chromatography1952, A.J.P. Martin and R.L.M. Synge were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1956, Rate theory, the Dutch scientist, Van Deemter1963, HPLC was born, GiddingsHigh Performance Liquid ChromatographyHigh Pressure Liquid Chromatography---------------Today,……
1948, 8 days separation for 16 amino acids
1958, 22 hours separation for 19 of amino acids
1982, less than 30 minutes separation for 18 of amino acids
Schematic Diagram of Chromatography气相色谱流程图DetectorCarrier gasFlow or pressurecontrollerInjection port or valveColumnData station (Recorder)W
Schematic Diagram of Chromatography液相色谱流程图PUMPDetectorWData station (Recorder)or CollectionColumnMobile phase
a) All chromatographic separations are based on a common concept:The distribution of components in a mixture between two immiscible phases, one a stationary phase and another a moving (mobile) phase.However, for each chromatographic mode the natureof the physicochemical processes can be different.混合物中各组分在互不相溶的固定相和流动相之间的分配;而每一种形式的色谱分离的物理化学过程可以是不同的。色谱法的基本原理Common Concepts and Principles of Chromatography
b)色谱分析法的分类Classification of Chromatographic Techniques色谱法的基本原理Common Concepts and Principles of Chromatography按流动相的物理状态分类,色谱可分为:气相色谱Gas Chromatography液相色谱Liquid Chromatography超临界流体色谱Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
气相色谱Gas Chromatography (GC)GC固定相Stationary Phase配置Configuration名称NameLiquidSolidMol SieveAdsorbentColumnColumnGas Solid CGas Liquid C
液相色谱Liquid Chromatography (LC)LC固定相Stationary Phase配置Configuration名称NameLiquidColumn Liquid Liquid CPlaneSolidAdsorbentPaper CThin Layer CColumnLiquid Solid CBondedColumn Bonded Phase CMol SieveColumn Size Exclusion CIon ExchangeResinColumn Ion-Exchange C
超临界流体色谱Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC)SFC固定相Stationary Phase配置Configuration名称NameLiquidSolidColumn Supercritical Fluid C
C)色谱分析法的特点Characteristics of Chromatographic Analysis色谱法的基本原理Common Concepts and Principles of Chromatography集富集、分离和检测于一体的高自动化、高选择性和高灵敏度的分析方法SeparationConcentrationDetectionHigh SelectivityHigh SensitivityHigh Automatization
色谱分离过程Process of Chromatographic Separation
色谱法的流出曲线及有关术语Chromatogram and Its corresponding terms线性洗脱色谱分配系数(Partition Coefficient) K···][A][A][A][ACCK2m1m2s1sms][Anm+++][Ans+++==···CsCmABCD通过不同组分K 值的差别和大小来判断分离的可能性和流出顺序待分离组分的浓度很低时,Cs 与Cm 成线性关系,K为常数
色谱法的基本原理Common Concepts and Principles of Chromatography2色谱法的流出曲线及有关术语Chromatogram and Its corresponding terms
1)基线当色谱柱中仅有流动相通过时,检测器响应讯号的记录值稳定的基线应该是一条水平直线2)峰高色谱峰顶点与基线之间的垂直距离h3) 保留值a 死时间tM不在固定相中分配的物质进入色谱柱时,从进样到出现峰极大值所需的时间为死时间流动相平均线速度MtLu=
b 保留时间tR试样(某一组分)从进样开始到柱后出现峰极大点时所经历的时间为试样中某一组分的保留时间c 调整保留时间MRRttt-='对应于组分在固定相中停留的总时间d 死体积、保留体积、调整保留体积;0FtVMM·=;0FtVRR·=MRRVVV-='
e相对保留值---定性分析''''1,21212RRRRVVtt==g它与流动相的流速和色谱柱的物理指标无关;仅与柱温和固定相的性质有关''12RRtt=a选择因子
f分配比(容量因子)kMRMRmsVVttnnk''===msVVKk=12121,2KKkk==gAmsVKk=α,
4) 色谱峰的区域宽度组分在色谱柱中谱带扩展的函数,反映了色谱操作条件的动力学因素a标准偏差s0.607倍峰高处色谱峰的宽的一半b半峰宽21Y峰高一半处对应的色谱峰的宽度s354.2Y21=c基线宽度Y色谱峰两侧拐点上的切线在基线上的截距s4Y=
色谱峰所能提供的重要信息What can one get from the chromatogram1 样品中所含组分的最少个数2 保留值---定性分析3 色谱峰面积(或峰高)---定量分析4 色谱峰的保留值和区域宽度---评价色谱柱的分离效能5 根据相邻色谱峰之间的距离来选择合适的色谱分离条件
3塔板理论(线性色谱)HALnLH=理论塔板数n定义为:塔板高度t2)(sRn=
221'2')(54.5)(16YtYtnRReff==effeffnLH=2212)(54.5)(16YtYtnRR==s4=Ys354.221=Y3塔板理论(线性色谱)
1956 荷兰学者Van Deemter (范第姆特)和他的合作者在研究气液色谱(Gas Liquid Chromatography)时考虑了色谱分离过程中动力学因素对色谱柱效的影响, 提出了速率理论.涡流扩散/ 分子扩散/ 传质阻力uCuBAH++=4 速率理论(线性色谱)
4.2分子扩散项B = 2 γDgγ,扩散路径的弯曲因子; Dg, 组分在气相中的扩散系数(cm2S-1)uB大流速、低柱温、相对分子质量大的载气4 速率理论(线性色谱)uCuBAH++=
4.3传质阻力项担体(Substrate)固定液(Liquid stationary phase)组分(Component)uCCuClg)(+=dpdf4 速率理论(线性色谱)uCuBAH++=
相对分子质量
gpDdkk222g)1(01.0C+=lfDdkk22l)1(32C+=粒度小、相对分子质量小的载气高柱温增加担体的比表面积、“高柱温”4 速率理论(线性色谱)uCuBAH++=
uDkkdDdpkkuDdHlfggp])1(32)1(01.0[2222222+++++=glHuACBuopt.Hmim4 速率理论(线性色谱)uCuBAH++=
5 分离度(分辨率)Rs1 2a1 2b1 2c选择性~ K, k, α柱效~ n综合指标Rs
2121)(22/)(1212YYttYYttRRRRRs+-=+-=22114kknRs+-=aa)1(4aa-=effsnReffnkkn+=222)1(5 分离度(分辨率)Rst12
221)()(21212YttYYttRRRRRs-=+-=22114kknRs+-=aaAssuming Y1= Y2,RRtnYYtn141)(162.=®=QMRMMRMRtkttttttk)1('+=Þ-==
22114kknRs+-=aa212144212kkknRtttnRsRRRs+-.=Þ...Þ-.=12kk=aQ)11(4)11(422222122kkkknkkkknRs+-+.=+-+.=\a22114kknRs+-=aa
一般地,R=1时,相邻的两组分能实现“很好”的分离,此时两色谱峰之间的距离为2σ,重叠部分2%R=1.5时,相邻的两组分能实现“基线”的分离,重叠部分小于1%22222)1()1(16kkRns+-=aa需要223222)1()1(16kkuHRtsR+-=aauHkntR)1(+=5 分离度(分辨率)Rs
Sample0 5 (tm) 45 49 mm1 2(2)(3)完全分离,Rs=1.54356»effn)(52.3112394356mL×=色谱柱要增加2.52 m278815455495455492.116)1(162222=øöççççèæ-----×=-=aaseffRn
1 定性分析保留值/ 相对保留值/ 联用技术(Hyphenated Technique)2 定量分析iAiiAfm=ihiihfm=
2.1 响应信号的测量色谱峰高色谱峰面积21065.1YhAii=(对称峰))(2185.015.0YYhAii+=(非对称峰)积分仪、计算机数据软件处理系统
2.2 定量校正因子2.2.1 绝对校正因子iiAiAmf=iihihmf=由于受到仪器及操作条件的影响程度很大,实际定量分析时,基本上不使用
2.2.2相对校正因子siisAsAiAismAmAfff==/siishshihismhmhfff==/相对响应值(灵敏度)isisfS1=
3 定量分析方法3.1 外标法1 2 3 4 5 6 SampleAmmiAi
3.2 内标法SampleStandardsiAssssAisiifAmfAm=AsssAisisifAfAmm=%100%×=AisssiifmmAAm
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